Define anatomy
structure (morphology) of body parts and their organization
Define physiology
functions of body parts (what they do and how they do it)
Levels of Organization (smallest to largest)
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelles, cell, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism
Atoms
Building blocks of matter; microscopic particles
Molecules
Groups of atoms
Macromolecules
Complex groups of molecules
Organelles
Groups of macromolecules that perform specific functions within cells
Cell
Basic unit of structure/function in life; composed of organelles
Tissue
Group of cells that perform the same function
Organ
Groups of various tissues that carry out specialized functions
Organ Systems
Groups of organs that function closely together
Organism
Groups of organ systems that form a living thing
What are the 10 characteristics of life?
Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, excretion
Movement
Change in position of a body or a body part; motion of an internal organ
Responsiveness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
Growth
Increase in body size without change in shape
Reproduction
Production of new organisms/cells
Respiration
Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms for absorption/use
Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into bodily fluids
Circulation
Movement of substances in bodily fluids
Assimilation
Changing absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion
Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
All characteristics of life come together to aid in...
Metabolism
Metabolism
all of the chemical reactions in cells
What are the requirements of life?
Water, foods, oxygen, heat, and pressure
Water
Most abundant chemical in the body; aids in metabolic processes, carries substances throughout organism, forms intracellular/extracellular fluid, regulates body temperature
Foods
Provide body with necessary chemicals; used for energy, raw materials, and regulation of vital chemical reactions
Oxygen
releases energy from food substances and drives metabolic processes
Pressure
aids in breathing and the flow of blood through vessels
Heat
product of metabolic processes; speeds up chemical reactions
Definition of Homeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environment
What is homeostasis dependent on?
Normal concentrations of water, nutrients, oxygen, body temperature, and pressure
Homeostatic Mcehanism
Stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors, response
Stimulus
signal/issue to which an organism responds
Receptors
Provide information about specific conditions (stimuli) in the body; typically cells
Control Center
detects the change from the set point; typically the brain
Effectors
cause response that alters the conditions in the body; typically the organs
Response
change in activity used to address the stimulus; final step of homeostatic mechanism
Negative Feedback
works to correct a deviation from a set point (ex. sensation of thirst)
Positive Feedback
changes from the normal point and amplifies it (ex. blood clot formation)
Examples of Negative Feedback
Body temperature, blood pressure, oxygen levels in blood, thirst sensation
Examples of Positive Feedback
Blood clot formation, milk production, uterine contractions, fever
Cranial Cavity
0
Abdominal Cavity
0
Pelvic Cavity
0
Vertebral Canal
0
Thoracic Cavity
0
What does the cranial cavity house?
The brain
What does the vertebral canal house?
Spinal cord
What does the abdominal cavity house?
Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small/large intestines
What does the thoracic cavity house?
Heart and lungs
What does the pelvic cavity house?
Terminal portion of large intestine, bladder, internal reproductive organs
Sinuses are an example of a ___
cavity
Appendicular Portion
Upper and lower limbs
Axial Portion
Head, neck, and trunk
What are the 11 body organ systems?
1. Skeletal 2. Muscular3. Integumentary 4. Nervous5. Endocrine 6. Cardiovascular 7. Lymphatic8. Digestive9. Respiratory10. Urinary11. Reproductive
Skeletal System Function
Protection, movement, mineral storage
Skeletal System Organs
Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons
Muscular System Function
Movement, facial expressions, stability/posture
Muscular System Organs
Visceral muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle
Integumentary System Organs
Skin, nails, hair, glands
Integumentary System Function
protection, water retention, thermoregulation, healing of abrasions
Nervous System Organs
brain, spinal cord, nerves, ears
Nervous System Functions
Detects changes, receives/interprets signals, stimulates muscles/glands
Endocrine System Organs
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Endocrine System Function
Chemically regulates body through the use of hormones
Cardiovascular System Organs
Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries
Cardiovascular System Function
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste to/from the body's tissues
Lymphatic System Organs
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, white blood cells, spleen, bone marrow
Lymphatic System Function
Defense against infection/disease, maintenance of fluid levels in body
Digestive System Organs
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, colon, rectum, anus
Digestive System Function
Breaks down foods for nutrients/energy, packages waste for disposal through bowel movements
Respiratory System Organs
Mouth/nose, sinuses, pharynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, diaphragm
Respiratory System Function
Delivers oxygen to cells in body, removes waste gases
Urinary System Organs
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Urinary System Function
Filters blood, separates toxins from nutrients, stores/carries urine out of body
Reproductive System Function
Provides for conception and childbearing
Reproductive System Organs
Ovaries, uterus, vagina, penis, scrotum, testes
Anterior (ventral)
front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
back of body
Medial
toward the midline of the body
Lateral
towards the side of the body
Distal
farther from the axial body
Proximal
closer to the axial body
Symmetry
correspondence of body parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or axis
Exterior
situated on or near the outside
Interior
situated within or inside
Superficial
closer to the surface of the body
Deep
farther from the surface of the body
Inferior
towards the feet
Superior
towards the head
Right Hypochondriac
0
Right Lumbar
0
Right Inguinal
0
Epigastric
0
Left Inguinal
0
Umbilical
0
Hypogastric/Pubic
0
Left Hypochondriac
0
Left Lumbar
0
Transverse Plane
divides the body into superior/inferior parts
Frontal (Coronal) Plane
divides the body into anterior/posterior parts
Sagittal Plane
divides the body into left and right parts
Bilateral
on both sides of the midline
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body