As the respiratory therapist, you have given supplemental oxygen to a patient with pneumonia. What would cause the patient to be hypoxemic? 1. Diffusion defect2. Capillary shunting3. Alveolar consolidation4. HypoventilationA. 1 and 2B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3D. all of the above
B. 2 & 3- Capillary Shunting- Alveolar Consolidation
When auscultating over an area of pneumonia, what breath sound can be expected? A. hyperresonance B. wheezing C. bronchial D. vesicular
C. Bronchial
A patient has been admitted to the emergency department with the following arterial blood gas results: pH 7.50PaCO2 30 torrPaO2 85 torrHCO3- 24 mEq/LThe physician asks the respiratory therapist what the results show. The therapist should interpret the results as A. metabolic alkalosis.B. respiratory acidosis.C. metabolic acidosis.D. respiratory alkalosis.
D. Respiratory alkalosis
A respiratory therapist enters the room of a patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) who has recently become febrile and tachycardic. The patient is very weak and apathetic and faints upon sitting up. The therapist then calls for the nurse. After the therapist ensures that the patient has regained consciousness, he recommends that an electrolyte panel be ordered. Upon analysis of the patient's electrolyte levels, the therapist should expect to find that the patient is A. hyponatremic. B. hypernatremic.C. hypokalemic.D. hypercalcemic.
A. Hyponatremic
The respiratory therapist is evaluating the record of an adult patient. A note in the record indicates that the chest radiograph shows the level of the diaphragm just below the 10th rib. This finding is consistent with A. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.B. a normal finding.C. hyperinflation. D. hypoinflation
C. Hyperinflation
The respiratory therapist is reviewing the record of a patient for whom an arterial blood gas test has been ordered. In order to properly prepare for the arterial puncture, which of the following lab values is most critical to review? A. bilirubinB. serum sodiumC. prothrombin time D. alkaline phosphatase
C. prothrombin time
Clinical lab evaluations of a patient with known allergic reactions would most likely reveal A. decreased basophils.B. increased eosinophils. C. decreased eosinophils.D. decreased neutrophils.
B. increased eosinophils
A patient's complete blood count (CBC) shows that the white blood count (WBC) is twice the high end of the normal range. This indicates: A. leukopenia.B. leukemia.C. leukocytosis. D. viral infection.
C. Leukocytosis
An elderly patient with a history of very significant emphysema presents to the emergency department (ED) with shortness of breath. The ED physician asks the respiratory therapist which value in the patient's ABG analysis would be most reflective of the severity of the patient's pulmonary disease. The therapist's response should be: A. PaCO2B. pHC. HCO3- D. PaO2
C. HCO3-
The respiratory therapist reviews the patient's electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing and notes ST segmentdepression. This finding most strongly indicates:A. a decreased sodium level.B. respiratory acidosis.C. an elevated potassium level.D. cardiac ischemia.
D. cardiac ischemia
Which type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?A. Simple squamous epitheliumB. Simple cuboidal epitheliumC. Stratified squamous epitheliumD. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
A. Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following types of tissues is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body?A. skeletal muscleB. smooth muscleC. cardiac muscleD. intercalated cells
C. cardiac muscle
Which of the following is NOT one of the main tissue types found in the human body?A. epithelialB. connectiveC. myocardialD. muscle
C. myocardial
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?A. cardiac outputB. peripheral resistanceC. emotional stateD. blood volume
C. emotional state
Which statement best describes arteries?A. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.B. All carry blood away from the heart.C. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood.D. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.
B. All carry blood away from the heart.
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.A. arteriolesB. arteriesC. veinsD. capillaries
D. capillaries
The pulse pressure is ________.A. systolic pressure plus diastolic pressureB. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressureC. systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressureD. diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolicpressure)
B. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Blood flow to the skin ________.A. is controlled mainly by decreasing pHB. increases when environmental temperature risesC. increases when body temperature drops so that the skindoes not freezeD. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skincells
B. increases when environmental temperature rises
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?A. delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cellsB. gas exchange in the lungsC. absorption of nutrients from the digestive tractD. blood clotting
D. blood clotting
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called________.A. muscular arteriesB. elastic arteriesC. arteriolesD. venules
C. arterioles
Select the correct statement about factors that influence bloodpressure.A. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease inblood pressure, due to the increased delivery.B. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.C. Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure.D. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
D. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?A. 120/80 in a 30-year-old manB. 140/90 in a 70-year-old womanC. 170/96 in a 50-year-old manD. 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman
C. 170/96 in a 50-year-old man
When the body cannot get enough oxygen, it makes ATP via:A. aerobic metabolismB. anaerobic metabolismC. digestionD. lacrimation
B. anaerobic metabolism
After inhaled air goes through the larynx, the NEXT part of therespiratory system the air passes through as it moves to thelungs is the:A. bronchusB. larynxC. epiglottisD. trachea
D. trachea
The chamber that pumps oxygen-rich blood out of the heart for distribution to the rest of the body is the:A. right atriumB. right ventricleC. left atriumD. left ventricle
D. left ventricle
The largest artery in the body is the:A. aortaB. pulmonaryC. carotidD. femoral
A. aorta
The component of the blood that has a primary function of carrying oxygen tissue is:A. red blood cellsB. plasmaC. white blood cellsD. platelets
A. red blood cells
The pressure created in the arteries when blood is forced outof the heart is referred to as:A. radialB. systolicC. femoralD. diastolic
B. systolic
The substance that regulates acidity and is produced by the kidneys is called:A. chymeB. bicarbonateC. bloodD. testosterone
B. bicarbonate
Electrical signals called ____________ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron and stimulate the release of chemicals called ____________ that are then used to communicate with othercells.A. action potentials; neurotransmittersB. action potentials; hormonesC. action potentials; cytokinesD. threshold potentials; cytokines
A. action potentials; neurotransmitters
Which of the following describes the effect of end-diastolic volume on stroke volume?A. A decrease in end-diastolic volume creates a vacuum drawing more blood into the ventricle increasing strokevolume.B. An increase in end-diastolic volume stretches ventricular muscle cells to lengths greater that optimum, decreasing stroke volume.C. A decrease in end-diastolic volume allows cardiac muscle to relax, conserving energy for the next contraction, thereby increasing stroke volume of that next contraction.D. An increase in end-diastolic volume stretches ventricular muscle cells to lengths closer to optimum, increasing the strength of contraction and thereby increasing stroke volume.
D. An increase in end-diastolic volume stretches ventricular muscle cells to lengths closer to optimum, increasing the strength of contraction and thereby increasing stroke volume.
The period of ventricular contraction is called ___________, whereas the period of ventricular relaxation is called_________.A. action potential : refractory periodB. action potential: graded potentialC. systole : diastoleD. V fib : A fib
C. systole : diastole
Which of the following components of an ECG represent ventricular repolarization?A. P waveB. QRS complexC. T waveD. PQ interval
C. T wave
Which of the following factors determines preload?A. peripheral resistance and tensionB. end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volumeC. parasympathetic activity of the ventriclesD. heart rate and venous return
D. heart rate and venous return
An increase in venous return would result in a(n)A. increased end-systolic volume.B. increased end-diastolic volume.C. decreased end-systolic volume.D. increase mid-systolic volume.
B. increased end-diastolic volume.
Cardiac output is determined by what two variable?A. end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volumeB. preload and afterloadC. heart rate and stroke volumeD. heart rate and end diastolic volume
C. heart rate and stroke volume (CO = HR x SV)
Blood is ejected from the left ventricle once pressure within theA. ventricle is greater than pressure within the aorta.B. ventricle is less that pressure within the aorta.C. ventricle is greater that pressure within the pulmonary artery.D. ventricle is less than pressure within the pulmonary artery.
A. ventricle is greater than pressure within the aorta.
What two major regions of the heart contain a concentration of pacemaker cells?A. sinoatrial node and bundle of HisB. sinoatrial node and atrioventricular nodeC. sinoatrial node and Purkinje fibersD. bundle of His and Purkinje fibers
B. sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node
The T-Q segment is the time from the end of the T wave to the beginning of the QRS complex which measures the timeA. of atrial systole.B. between heartbeats.C. of ventricular systole.D. of ventricular diastole.
D. of ventricular diastole.
Which of the following is the correct conduction pathway through the heart?A. AV node, SA node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibersB. SA node, AV node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibersC. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibersD. Purkinje fibers, AV bundle, bundle branches, SA node, AVnode
C. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
In what phase is the cardiac cycle when AV valves are open and semilunar valves are closed?A. atrial contractionB. ventricular fillingC. isovolumetric contractionD. ventricular ejection
B. ventricular filling
The volume of blood that is pumped by the heart every minute is determined by the equationA. EF = EDV - ESVB. CO = HR x SVC. MAP = CO x TPRD. SV = EDV - ESV
B. CO = HR x SV
During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves open?A. isovolumetric contractionB. isovolumetric relaxationC. ventricular fillingD. none of the above
...
The high compliance of veins allows them toA. rapidly change central venous pressure with smallchanges in blood volume.B. act as pressure reservoirsC. provide driving force for the movement of blood throughthe vasculature during diastole.D. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change inpressure.
D. accommodate large volumes of blood with little change inpressure.
An increase in heart rate can be mediated through which ofthe following?A. a decrease in parasympathetic nervous activity onlyB. a decrease in sympathetic activity onlyC. an increase in parasympathetic activity and a decrease insympathetic activityD. a decrease in parasympathetic activity and an increase insympathetic activity
D. a decrease in parasympathetic activity and an increase insympathetic activity
The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves the:A. release of hormones over a period of minutesB. stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneysC. control of peripheral resistanceD. control of blood volume by the kidneys
D. control of blood volume by the kidneys
Mean arterial pressure can be increased by all of the following EXCEPT:A. decreasing end-diastolic volumeB. increasing venous returnC. increasing sympathetic activityD. increasing blood volume
A. decreasing end-diastolic volume
Poiseuille's Law states that at a constant driving pressure, the flow rate of liquid through a capillary tube is directlyproportional to the ___________ power of the radius of the tube and inversely proportional to the length and viscosity of the tubeA. SecondB. SixthC. ThirdD. Fourth
D. Fourth
Which of the following does not apply to arterioles?A. Participate in regulation of arterial blood pressureB. Act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxationC. Major sites of resistance to flowD. Responsible for regulating the pattern of blood flowdistribution to the various organs
B. Act as pressure reservoirs for maintaining blood flow during ventricular relaxation
Acetylcholine causes __________ of bronchioles via __________ receptors.A. Dilation; Beta 2B. Dilation; Muscarinic cholinergicC. Constriction; Beta 2D. Constriction; Muscarinic cholinergic
D. Constriction; Muscarinic cholinergic
The air conduction pathwaysA. Warm and humidify airB. Increase air pressureC. Decrease air pressureD. Participate in gas exchange
A. Warm and humidify air
Gas exchange between air and blood occurs inA. AlveoliB. Body tissuesC. BronchiD. Trachea
A. Alveoli
Albuterol, an asthma medication, dilates bronchioles by mimicking the effects of epinephrine on _____ receptors insmooth muscle.A. Nicotinic cholinergicB. Muscarinic cholinergicC. alpha1 adrenergicD. beta2 adrenergic
D. beta2 adrenergic
When the diaphragm contracts, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases relative to atmospheric pressure, resulting in:A. InspirationB. ExpirationC. Forced ExpirationD. Forced Inspiration
A. Inspiration
When inflated, alveoli have relatively______, which aids inexpiration.A. High surface tensionB. Low surface tensionC. High pressureD. Low elasticity
A. High surface tension
In pulmonary edema, the build-up of fluid in the interstitium of the lungs inhibits gas diffusion because:A. The distance is increasedB. The distance is decreasedC. The alveoli break downD. The lungs explode
A. The distance is increased
What happens to the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curveas blood passes through tissues with a very low metabolic rate?A. Shift to the right - increased affinity for oxygenB. Shift to the right - decreased affinity for oxygenC. Shift to the left - increased affinity for oxygenD. Shift to the left - decreased affinity for oxygen
C. Shift to the left - increased affinity for oxygen
The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) located in the _____ functions to _____.A. Pons; Generate the respiratory rhythmB. Medulla; Terminate the respiratory rhythmC. Pons; Terminate the respiratory rhythmD. Medulla; Generate the respiratory rhythm
D. Medulla; Generate the respiratory rhythm
Respiratory alkalosis may be caused byA. HyperventilationB. Chronic vomitingC. EmphysemaD. Diet
A. Hyperventilation
In a typical capillary bed (in most tissues), reabsorption occursat the _____ end and ultrafiltration occurs at the _____ end.A. Venous; VenousB. Arterial; VenousC. Venous; ArterialD. Arterial; Arterial
C. Venous; Arterial
Which is true about capillary exchange in Bowman's capsule?A. Glomerular capillaries filter out all of the components of plasmaB. Glomerular capillaries filter out many components of plasma that are smaller than proteinsC. Glomerular capillaries filter out all of the components of plasma and reabsorb them on the venous sideD. Glomerular capillaries filter out many components of plasma that are smaller than proteins and reabsorb them onthe venous side
B. Glomerular capillaries filter out many components of plasma that are smaller than proteins
Which is the correct order of fluid movement through the nephron?A. Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Loop of Henle, PCT, DCT, CDB. Efferent arteriole, Bowman's capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, CDC. Bowman's capsule, Glomerulus, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, CDD. Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, CD
D. Afferent arteriole, Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, PCT, Loop of Henle, DCT, CD
Diuretic agents are used to treat hypertension because they:A. Increase blood volumeB. Increase heart rateC. Decrease blood volumeD. Decrease heart rate
C. Decrease blood volume
The majority of reabsorption occurs at the:A. Proximal convoluted tubuleB. Loop of HenleC. Collecting ductD. Distal convoluted tubule
A. Proximal convoluted tubule
What type of agent blocks the Na+/Cl- transporter in thenephron?A. Loop diureticB. Aldosterone antagonistC. ThiazideD. ADH antagonist
A. Loop diuretic
ECGs are used to:A. Monitor the electrical events in cardiac conductionB. Measure the force of contraction generated by the ventriclesC. Detect the Mean Arterial PressureD. Measure stroke volume and cardiac output
A. Monitor the electrical events in cardiac conduction
Which is a major cause of arrhythmias?A. Heart attackB. StressC. DrugsD. All of the above
D. All of the above
The P-wave on an ECG representsA. Atrial flutterB. Ventricular repolarizationC. Ventricular depolarizationD. Atrial depolarization
D. Atrial depolarization
Tachycardia can result from activation of which receptor?A. alpha-1 adrenergicB. B1 adrenergicC. alpha-2 adrenergicD. Muscarinic cholinergic
B. B1 adrenergic
In atrial flutter, the atria contract so quickly thatA. Ventricular filling is compromisedB. The heart stopsC. There is no heart rateD. Life is not possible
A. Ventricular filling is compromised
Arteries carry blood ____ the heart and _____ the tissues.A. Towards; TowardsB. Towards; Away fromC. Away from; TowardsD. Away from; Away from
C. Away from; Towards
Veins carry blood ____ the heart and _____ the tissues.A. Towards; Away fromB. Towards; TowardsC. Away from; TowardsD. Away from; Away from
A. Towards; Away from
When blood pressure drops, baroreceptors signal thebrainstem to increase sympathetic output resulting in all of the following EXCEPT:A. VasoconstrictionB. Increased contractility of the heartC. VenoconstrictionD. Decrease in heart rate
D. Decrease in heart rate
Bronchodilation is mediation by _____ receptors in the lungand _____.A. Muscarinic cholinergic; AcetylcholineB. Beta-2 adrenergic; EpinephrineC. Alpha-1 adrenergic; NorepinephrineD. Nicotinic cholinergic; Acetylcholine
B. Beta-2 adrenergic; Epinephrine
Heart Anatomy
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Formed Elements
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Mediastinum AMBOT HAHAHA! -Zaira, 2022
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