Ethnic Groups in America - Germans
6% of population, Pennsylvania, no loyalty to British crown
Ethnic Groups in America - Scots - Irish
7% "Great Wagon Road" Pennsylvania to Georgia, disliked British for regulations in Ireland, were pushed into frontier, became squatters, and quarreled with natives
Ethnic Groups in America - Black Americans
19% mainly in the south, most likely poor relationship with England, largest single non-english ethnic group.
Ethnic Groups in America - French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Swiss, Scots High Landers
All together abt 5%, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, North Carolina, Philadelphia, little loyalty to British crown
1 Aristocrats
titled nobility, non-existent in America
2 Professionals & Merchants
those w/ specific skills, very valued, merchant princes on top of social ladder
3 Yeoman Farmers
small land owners, helped sustain craftsmen w/ need for services, produced what they needed, traded for services.
4 Lesser Tradesmen
Manual workers, generally didn't own land, provided hirable work, low in class
5 Indentured servants
traveled to America in return for hard work, worked for masters then released, heavy labor, most achieved prosperity
6 Poor Whites
Those likely to become tenant farmers, little wealth, almost none owned land
7 Enslaved people
mostly in south, black people taken from Africa and sold into slavery, at very bottom of hierarchy, hard manual labor
American Economy in England
Agriculture - tobacco, major crop, continued to be traded with EnglandFishing - not as big as farming but dried cod was a common export Manufacturing - beaver hats, iron forges, home made textilesLumbering - Very important by 1770 ~400 ships per year, 1/3 British merchant +marine was American built.
Infrastructure in America
Roads built, poor conditions, not weather safe, lots of taverns, 2 established tax supported churches
Church of England (Anglican Church)
-official in Georgia, both Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and a part of New York-sermons were shorter, its descriptions of hell were less frightening, and amusements were less scorned-not having a resident bishop proved to be a problem for unordained young ministers
Congregationalists
The more extreme Puritans who believed every congregation ought to be autonomous, a law unto itself controlled by neither bishops nor Presbyterian assemblies. Formally established in al but Maryland, Massachusetts,
Catholics
The first group of formally established Christians in Europe under the pope. anti baptists
Presbyterian
never made official anywhere
Jonathan Edwards
ignited great awakening, preached against believing in salvation through good works. preached for need for complete dependence in gods grace.
George Whitefield
English clergyman who was known for his ability to convince many people through his sermons. He involved himself in the Great Awakening in 1739 preaching his belief in gaining salvation.
Great Awakening
led to founding of many schools and was the first mass movement of the American people
Education in the South
fairly adequate elementary, hard to establish schools due to diffusion of population, wealthy people relied on tutors
Education in the North
invested in making good christians not citizens, flourishing in education, at first college education was more important than ABC's
Education in The South and The North
grim and gloomy, emphasis on religion and classical language, independent thinking discouraged, severe discipline
Voting rights
available to white male land owners only ease of acquiring land made gaining the right to vote easy
representation and participation
nearly every state had a 2 house legislative body, upper:appointed by royal officials lower: elected by people
What did colonists do for fun?
Lottories, Holidays, Stage plays popular in the south along with card games, horse racing, cock fighting, and fox hunting. parties,
Amenities
colonists did not have heating in church, running water, plumbing, or a good garbage disposal. Their roads were also faulty and were not made for harsh weather conditions.
immigration of non-english->
increase of American diversity & population
Policy of Mercantilism->
restricted growth of markets in America
Upperclass fearful of democratic excess->
colonial property qualification for voting
laid foundations w/ military supplying, top of hierarchy->
increased wealth of 18th century elite
Dry over-intellectualism and lack of artistic concerns or leisure time in colonies ->
many artist, specialized craftsmen. going to Europe to find work
Ben Franklin
Author of Poor Richard's Almanac
Phillis Wheatley
Enslaved African poet
Zenger Trial
trial upholding freedom of press in new york
Jayle Birds
convicts that were not all criminals
Smallpox
a disease that affected 1/5 colonists in colonies
Regulator Movement
(1768-1771) Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.
Taverns
Popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debate
Established
tax-supported condition of congregational/angelical churches
new Light
Ministers who supported the Great Awakening against the "old light" clergy who rejected it
Types of Settlers
New England: English, puritan farmersMiddle Colonies: quakers, dutch, french, germans, diverseSouthern Colonies: english aristocrats, planters, small farmers, slaves
Geography
New England: rocky forests hilly, poor soil, long winters, limited farmingMiddle Colonies: fertile soil, flat land, swift rivers, wide valleys, warmerSouthern Colonies: rich soil, broad coastal plains, tide waters, backcountry
Major Towns
New England: Boston Providence, New PortMiddle Colonies: Seaports, New York, PhiladelphiaSouthern Colonies: Savannah, Charleston
Economic Activities
New England: small farms, merchants, crafts men, boat building, whaling, lumber, fishMiddle Colonies: farming grain, cash crops, livestock, mining, tradingSouthern Colonies: slave trade, plantations, rice, fewer crafts
Religious Groups
New England: puritans, very strict, superstitious Middle Colonies: Quakers, jews, Protestants, catholics, Tolerance.Southern Colonies: Church of England, catholics
African Americans
New England: blacks more free, could own land, were trained in a skillMiddle Colonies: fewer slaves than south, quakers started movement to abolish slaverySouthern Colonies: treated harshly, lived in poverty
Women
New England: large families, tending gardens & livestock, provided food and supplies. Middle Colonies: similar to N.E. some women worked in manufacturing Southern Colonies: helped manage plantations, cared for sick, supervised slaves
Education
New England: schooling for all, important to read bible, advanced school for boysMiddle Colonies: fewer schools than N.E. started by religious groups, Southern Colonies: planters sons taught at home by tutors
Local Government
New England: Town Meetings, could speak out/vote, high degree government Middle Colonies: mixture of town meetings and county government Southern Colonies:counties as basic unit, sheriffs as justice of the peace, appointed by gov.