what are the 3 types of planets in the solar system
ice giant, terrestrial planet and gas giant
example of a terrestrial planet
venus
example of an ice giant
uranus
example of a gas giant
jupiter
what is an irregular planet
it has no real shape
what is an elliptical planet
its rounded and usually composed of older, yellow red stars and no longer have the interstellar matter to form new stars
what is a spiral planet
made of "arms" which are groups of blue stars. the arms spin around a central bulge made of older, yellow stars
what is a planet
large, spherical objects that orbit the sun. have cleared their orbit of other objects of similar size
what is a solar system
the sun and the objects that orbit it
what is a galaxy
a collection of solar systems which are gravitationally bound
what is the universe
the universe is everything. it includes all space, matter and energy.
what does gravity do
causes particles to move towards each other, eventually creating solar systems and galaxies
what is the nebula
a cloud of gas
how is the nebula made
if a gas pocket reaches the density of 100 atoms per cubic centimetre, it will undergo gravitational collapse. the pocket then condenses towards its centre of mass
how does a protostar become a star
once it begins to undergo nuclear fusion
what element and isotope fuse together to make helium
hydrogen and hydrogen isotope
dust that doesn't turn into a star becomes a ...
planet, moon or asteroid
what force causes the particles of the universe to slowly move towards each other
gravity
what process does a particle cloud undergo when it reaches the density
gravitational collapse
which gas is the main component of a protostar
hydrogen
what is the process that occurs at the centre of stars
nuclear fusion
what is the element that is created by the nuclear fusion process of a brand new star
helium
Gravity brings matter from the outer areas of the star towards the core, and those begin to fuse instead. The outer areas expand and cool as their fuel is taken away. what does this become
a red giant
how long will a red giant last for
around 100 million years until the helium runs out
When the helium runs out, the outer layers of the red giant escape from the gravitational pull and become a cloud of gas surrounding the star. what does this become
a planetary nebula
how long does a nebula disperse for
over 20,000 years to leave behind a small, dense and hit sphere of carbon and hydrogen
after the nebula disperse, what is left behind
a white dwarf
what happen when a star's core begins to run out of oxygen
it takes fuel from the outer layers
Name the type of star that has started to consume its outer layers.
red giant
Name the fuel a red giant uses once it runs out of hydrogen
helium
Name the ejected outer layers of a dying red giant star.
planetary nebula
after the planetary nebula has been ejected, recall what is left behind where the star once was.
white dwarf
when supergiants run out of hydrogen and start to fusing helium, what do they become
red giant
once a star fuses helium, it starts to produce heavier elements, once the star is iron, what happens
energy stops being produced by the core. the energy of the core stopped gravity and will rapidly collapse.
once a star falls and has a gigantic explosion, what is this explosion called
a supernova
If the material left after a supernova is similar to the mass of our Sun, what happens
the force of gravity will break down the atoms within the star.
Electrons and protons combine to become neutrons, and the size of the star shrinks to an extraordinarily small size. what type of star is this?
a neutron star
what is a neutron star
the ball of neutrons left behind by a massive-star supernova
If the star left after a supernova is more than three times the mass of the Sun, gravity will cause the star to shrink down to a density even greater than that of a neutron star. what does this form
a black hole
what is a black hole
A star with very strong gravity
what does binary mean in the solar system
where two stars orbit each other.
Some star systems are binary, where two stars orbit each other. If one of those stars becomes a black hole, it will strip the material from the other star as it is pulled into the black hole. This process creates a?
a very high energy X-ray signal. Detecting this signal helps us to spot black holes.
what is a large black hole called
supermassive black holes
what star is 10 times as large as the sun
supergiants
how long a supergiant stays in the form of a blue supergiant.
millions of years
A red supergiant fuses heavier and heavier elements throughout its lifespan. Name the element that a red supergiant finally stops fusion at.
iron
Name the explosion that happens when a supergiants outer layers collapse inwards, only to hit an iron core.
supernova
Name the cosmic phenomenon that creates the heaviest elements (such as gold and platinum).
supernovas
If a supernova occurs in a smaller star, recall what the star becomes.
neutron star
If a supernova occurs in a larger star, recall what the star becomes.
black hole
stars that are much bigger then our own stars are called
supergiants
what colour does the supergiants start at
blue
once the hydrogen has run out of the red supergiants, what colour does it turn into
red
Can light escape a black hole?
no
one of the largest stars is the Canis Majoris, a red supergiant about 1500 times as large as the sun. what will happen to a star that large when it dies
Canis Majoris is large, being a red supergiant, it will likely explode into a supernova. because of the mass, we can assume that the star will become a black hole
describe the life of our sun beginning with a nebula
the Sun began as a gravitational collapse in a nebule. this collapsed to create a ball of gas called a protostar. as this grew, the protostar began a nuclear fusion. it grew in size and is now a star. after billions of years. the star will run out of hydrogen. it will use fuel from its outer layer and the star will expand to a red giant. the red giant will then expel matter as a planetary nebula, creating a white dwarf. the white dwarf will then cool into a black dwarf
The most abundant element in the universe is hydrogen, at around 74%. Helium accounts for another %24%, and all of the other elements are the remaining 2%.Explain why helium is so abundant in the universe.
nuclear fusion happens at the centre of the stars. star is made up of hydrogen and slowly turns into helium. all stars go through the stage of creating helium
what does gravity pull across the universe
dust together
Name the tiny ball which the universe began as
a singularity
State the epoch in which the universe first develops particles. These particles included electrons and the building blocks of matter.
quark epoch
Name the shortest epoch, which contained the existence of the singularity.
planck
State the epoch in which quarks combine to form protons and neutrons.
hadron
Name the epoch during which epoch the universe expands rapidly for the first time.
inflationary
Name the epoch in which protons and neutrons combined to form nuclei:
nucleosynthesis
Name the epoch in which atoms began to cluster together and fuse into heavier elements.
star birth
Name the epoch in which photons are freed since electrons were being bound as atoms.
dark
Name the epoch in which photons are trapped in a sea of electrons and nuclei.
photon
State how the temperature of the universe changes as the Big Bang proceeds:
decreases
what is the evidence of big bang
cosmic microwaves
What is cosmic microwave background radiation?
radiation left over from the big bang
what is the red shift
When light rays moving away from us appear red, as the wavelength becomes stretched
Name the phenomenon that forces everything in the universe to be pushed away from everything else.
the expansion of the universe
name the phenomenon that is pulling all objects in the universe together.
gravity
State why distant stars may appear to be moving away from the Earth.
because the universe is expanding
what is caused by stars moving towards Earth?
blue shifts
when the frequency of any kind moves toward a source (if the person is in front of a car) are the waves spread out or bunched (doppler effect)
bunch up
when the frequency of any kind moves away from a source (if the person is behind of a car) are the waves spread out or bunched (doppler effect)
spread out
State whether the effect of red shift is greater in close galaxies or distant galaxies.
distant
The light from the galaxy Andromeda is blue shifted.Describe what this implies about the movement of this galaxy
it is moving towards the milky way
red shift means
moving away
blue shift means
moving towards
Name the theory that claims that the universe has no beginning or end, and is infinite:
steady-state theory
Name the theory that claims that the universe grew from a single point, and continues to grow indefinitely:
big bang theory
how does the Steady State theory explain the observation that the galaxies are moving away from each other.
new galaxies appear in the space between them
why did Einstein introduce the cosmological constant to his equations?
to avoid the universe expanding
what is the significance of electromagnetic radiation which comes from 13.713.7 billion years in the past.
the light comes from the end of the photon epoch
what are the two reasons why light would be released around the end of the Photon Epoch.
the universe is really hot and photons were freed from particles
state the type of electromagnetic radiation that occurs when the wavelength of light increases.
radio waves
What is the greenhouse effect?
process of the earth absorbing sun rays leading to the warming of the earth
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
temperature increase due to humans burning more fossil fuels
is the greenhouse effect good or bad
good
is the enhanced greenhouse effect good or bad
bad
why is enhanced greenhouse effect causing global warming
because humans are creating more fossil fuels and these gasses are trapping the sun's rays between bouncing between the ozone layer and the earth and causing the earth to become warmer.
what are 3 ways that the sun's rays are coming toward the earth and ozone layer
1. the sun's ray bounces off the ozone layer (this is good because then the earth won't become too hot)2. sun rays go through the ozone layer and hits the earth and go back towards the sun 3. sun rays go through the ozone layer, hits the earth, bounce back off the ozone layer and continue like this
why does the sun rays get trapped between the ozone layer and the earth
because fossil fuels
What are fossil fuels?
coal, oil, natural gas
what is an example of natural gas
cow farting
What is global warming?
an increase in Earth's average surface temperature
Why does global warming occur?
Too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels
4 examples of fossil fuels doing harm
ice melting, water levels are rising, changing our ecosystems and water is warming (leading to animals deaths)
What is the ozone layer?
a layer of Earth's atmosphere that protects living things from the harmful effects of the sun's rays
What is the atmosphere?
A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth
what is the hydrosphere
All the water on earth
what is the lithosphere
Earth's crust
What is the biosphere
all life on earth
How do the four spheres interact?
a change in one area can cause a change in another.
what are the four major steps in the carbon cycle
Photosynthesis, Decomposition, Respiration and Combustion.
how does the carbon cycle connect with the four spheres
through photosynthesis
what is geosphere
The solid part of Earth
What is a galaxy?
stars, dust, and gas bound together by gravity
what is the universe
All of space and everything in it
the 3 types of galaxies
spiral, elliptical, and irregular
What does a spiral galaxy look like?
a spiral galaxy has a bulging central disk of stars with long and symmetrical spiral arms
What does an elliptical galaxy look like
stars are in a circular or oval cluster
What does an irregular galaxy look like?
stars are clustered but have no definite shape
What is the thermosphere?
The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere.
What is the mesosphere?
the strong lower part of the mantle
What is the stratosphere?
ozone layer
what is the troposphere
the lowest layer of the atmosphere
what happens in the troposphere
jet planes fly and weather takes place
Where do meteroids burn up?
Mesosphere
what is antimatter
Matter composed of anti particles
what is a light year
the distance light travels in a year
what is a parsec
A measure of a star's distance
International response to the discovery of the ozone layer
The Montreal Protocol
how is the light year used to determine the distance
cause its the speed of light
major features of the solar system
the sun is our nearest star, planets orbit the sun and gravity keep the planets in orbit around the Sun and the moons in orbit around their planets.
what units are used to describe the size of planets
astronomical units (AU)
How did the solar system form?
About five billion years ago, a giant cloud of gas and dust collapsed to form our solar system.
evidence of the greenhouse effect
Ice cores drawn from Greenland, Antarctica, and tropical mountain glaciers show that Earth's climate responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels.
what is evaporation
When a liquid turns into a gas
what is transpiration
evaporation of water from plant leaves
what is condensation
Gas to liquid
what is precipitation
Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.
what is percolation
When water moves vertically down through soil and rock
what is infiltration
Water soaking into the ground
identify the human-influenced processes illustrated in the carbon cycle
clearing of lands and burning of fossil fuels
Deforestation also affects the natural carbon cycle, explain how
the decrease in trees leads to the decrease of co2 taken up by plants which leads to an increase of co2 in the air and an increase in the greenhouse gas effect
What is climate?
The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time
what is weather
The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.
what is climate change
a change in global or regional climate patterns
what is thermohaline circulation
Movements of ocean water are caused by density differences brought about by variations in temperature and salinity.
What is current?
The rate of flow of charge
what is reducing carbon production
taking action to reduce the amount of carbon you produce
what is carbon sequestration
a natural or official process where carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere and held in solid or quid from the ocean
major features of the galaxy
sprawling systems of dust, gas, dark matter, and anywhere from a million to a trillion stars that are held together by gravity
what is a solution to reduce global warming
uses your car less so that not a lot of gas is being burnt and creating fossil fuels
What is photosynthesis?
The process by which a cell captures energy in sunlight and uses it to make food
What is cellular respiration?
process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen
what is a carbon sink
a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
what is a Greenhouse sink
Places that absorb more carbon than they release ex. forests, soil, oceans
What is permafrost?
permanently frozen soil