Cystic fibrosis etiology-
Disorder characterized by excessive thick mucus that obstructs the lungs and GI tract
In Cystic Fibrosis, sodium chloride concentrations in the sweat and saliva are-
Elevated due to abnormal reabsorption of chloride be epithelial cells
Cystic fibrosis s/s-
*Steatorrhea (bulky, foul smelling, fatty stools)*Chromic coughing, wheezing, sputum production, and dyspnea*Child may taste salty when kissed
Croup/ Epiglottis etiology-
Laryngotracheobronchitis and acute epiglottis
Croup/ Epiglottis can lead to-
Total airway obstruction*put child in upright position
Croup/ Epiglottis s/s-
*Stridor*Barking cough*Epiglottis- drooling
Croup medical management-
High cool mist humidity w/ low concentration oxygen by mist tent; epinephrine by aerosol*Never examine mouth and throat (will cause spasm)*Artificial airway; as needed
Epiglottis medical management-
Apply oxygen *cool mist tent-humidifies air and decreases stridor
Nursing interventions for Croup/ Epiglottis-
Maintain Fowlers position
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis etiology-
Gastric outlet obstructed by a congenitally hypertrophied (enlarged) pyloric muscle
Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis s/s-
Projectile vomiting after feedings - hallmark sign*Olive shaped mass in the epigastrium
Intussusception etiology-
Results of telescoping of one portion of the intestine into another
Intussusception s/s-
Vomiting and lethary*Jelly stool (Mixed with blood and mucus)- hallmark sign
Intussusception medical management-
Surgical; after surgery give infants oral electrolyte solution (contains glucose and electrolyte)
Hischsprung's disease etiology-
No peristaltic waves in the affected portion*Causes intestinal obstruction and distention of the bowel
Hischsprung's disease s/s-
Ribbonlike, foul-smelling stools
Hischsprung's disease medical management-
Surgical removal of the affected portion of the bowel
Hischsprung's disease nursing interventions-
May require a temp ostomy to relieve obstructed area and allows the bowel distal to the ostomy to rest
Cleft lip/Cleft palate for nursing interventions-
*Special feeding devices may be used*Minimize crying- pulls incision line causing inflammation and risk for scar formation- rock infant with favorite planet
Gastroesophageal reflux etiology-
Gastric contents are allowed to regurgitate into the esophagus
Gastroesophageal reflux s/s-
*Vomiting or spitting up*Weight loss
Gastroesophageal reflux medical management-
*Small, frequent feedings that have been thickened with infant cereal *Child placed in upright position after feeding
Gastroesophageal reflux nursing interventions-
Teach parents to provide proper positioning after feedings; upright position in infant seat*Nissen fundoplication
HIV/AIDS s/s-
Candidiasis (opportunistic infection)
HIV/AIDS; Greatest threat to an HIV infected infant under 1 year of age is-
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formally carinii)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) etiology-
The sudden unexpected death of a healthy, normal infant under 1 year of age in whom a postmortem examination fails to establish a cause of death
SIDS s/s-
Death occurs during sleep, and there is no audible outcry or signs of distress
SIDS prevention-
American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that infants be placed supine or on the side (nonprime) for sleeping
Dehydration s/s-
Loss of skin tumor; dry mucus membranes; sunken eyes; lethargy; rapid, weak pulse; low BP; rapid respirations
Dehydration medical management-
*Same management as diarrhea*Check specific gravity*Potassium (3.6 to 5.2 mol/L)*Report to MD if abnormal
Dehydration nursing interventions-
Assess the fontanels (sunken)
Urine specific gravity-
1.010 (hydration)1.030 (dehydration)
Child maltreatment etiology; Child factors (Age, disabilities)-
These factors may increase the potential for maltreatment by a parent or caretaker
Child maltreatment s/s-
Children who have been abused or neglected may manifest certain physical and/or behavioral indicators that suggest maltreatment
Child maltreatment/ Child abuse nursing interventions-
*Special attention should be paid to injuries inconsistent w. the parents or caregivers explanation *All states have regulations for mandatory reporting if HCP suspects
Nurse is collecting data and noticed a bruise-
Obtain a detailed history then report the abuse