History of Psychology
-1854-Leipzig, Germany- study of behavior and mental processes- William Wundt and William James
Biological approach to psychology
Studies how the physical effects in the body and brain impact our [actions, feelings, and thoughts] behavior
Biophychosocial approach
an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
behavioral approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants.
Cognitive Approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems.
psychodynamic approach
An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought (drive for sex) (biting nails) (trauma responses)
experimental research
applying experiments to study stats
clinical psychology
a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
correlational research
the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables
Ethics in Psychology
rules of conduct recognized as appropriate to psychology and way of life to protect the wellbeing of participants of psychological research.
endocrine system
controls hormones (adrenal, pituitary(messenger), thyroid(growth))
Etiology
study of the cause of mental disorders or physical
Genetics
How our genes influence behavior
neuroanatomy psycology
looking into neural structure to see organizational habits or principals
Pysiological techniques
how the body reacts to stimuli
attention
concentration of awareness on some phenomenon to exclusion of other stimuli
somethesis
bodily perception (skin)
Olfaction
smell sensory
Gustation
taste sensory
vestubular sense
the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance
Perceptual Development
the gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
sensory threshold
the point at which a stimulus is strong enough to make a conscious impact on a person's awareness
hypnosis psychological influences
focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness
Meditation
the focusing of attention to clear one's mind and produce relaxation
classical conditioning
learning that happens unconsciously (salivating to food)
cognitive process in learning
attention, rehearsal in working memory
observational learning
learning by observing others
operant conditioning
the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses (spanking)
intelligence psychology
ability to think, learn from experience, adapt
creativity
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas (problem solving skills)
Language psychology
human cognition to communicate
memory/psychological continuity
I retain Person Identity by remembering that I am me (self conscience) !problem: intense amnesia/robots
psychoactive drug effects
substance capable of altering attention, judgement, memory, time sense, self-control, emotion, or perception
sleep
emotional and memory related structures unconscious desired thoughts
Hunger- Psychological Factors
habit, bored, we see good food, we eat because of being emotional, bored, stressed
thirst mechanism
a cluster of nerve cells in the hypothalamus that stimulate our conscious desire to drink fluids in response to an increase in the concentration of salt in our blood or a decrease in blood pressure and blood volume
Evolutionary Theory
emotions exist as an adaptation role
James-Lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory
lower brain controls emotion upper brain expresses jt
Schater-Singer Two-Factor THeory
Physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal produce our subjected experience of emotion.
cognitive appraisal
the interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Herzberg's Motivation-Hygiene Theory
the idea that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate and distinct dimensions
gender identity
the individual's sense of being male or female
sex roles
a culture's expectations about how members of the male or female gender should act, dress, or speak
Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior
nature and nurture interactively shape most behavioral traits
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
cross-sectional study
a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another
Theories of Development
Psychoanalytic theoriesCognitive theoriesBehavioral and social cognitive theoriesEthological theoryEcological theoryAn eclectic theoretical orientation