academic language
language used in formal settings and academic writing
active listening
listening that is focused and empathetic
advanced fluency stage of language acquisition
learners demonstrate near-native ability and use complex, multiphase and mulitclause sentences to convey their ideas
affixes
added to words or roots to change their meanings; include prefixes (added to the beginning of a word or root) and suffixes (added to the end of a word or root)
analyzing text organization
analyzing how a text is organized in order to better comprehend an author's purpose for writing
audience
the reader/readers
central idea
the basic underlying idea of informational text
character analysis
understanding the role of a character in a story via the character's actions, traits, relationships, and personality
citations
identification of original sources of outside information
complex sentence
a sentence made up of an independent clause and one more dependent clause
compound-complex sentence
a sentence that has two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
connotation
the intended meaning of a word beyond its literal meaning
conversational language
familiar and informal language
credibility
proof of the reliability of a source
denotation
the literal meaning of a word
descriptive writing
a writing style that emphasizes the production of imagery using words and figurative language that appeal to the reader's five sense
dialect
language that is particular to a geographical location or consolidated social group
early production stage of language acquisition
learners produce single word and two to three word phrases and can respond to questions and statements
expository writing
a writing style that explains an idea or concept or informs the reader about a topic
figurative language
language that conveys images and ideas separate from the actual meanings of the words used
first person point of view
one character tells the story from his or her direct experience using pronouns such as I, my, mine, and we
fluency
the ability to read with ease and automaticity
genre
type of text (poetry, drama, picture book, graphic novel, folktale, myth, fairy tale, tall tale, historical fiction, science fiction)
grammar
the way parts of speech work together in sentences and how words are grouped to make meaning such as in phrases or clauses
high frequency letter sound correspondences
letter sound correspondences that occurs most often in the English language
identifying point of view
using genre and pronoun clues to identify who is telling a story to best form accurate conclusions about the events of the story
inferences
conclusions about what an author suggests in a text based on context clues
intermediate fluency stage of language acquisition
learners are able to speak in more complex sentences and catch and correct many of their errors
letter-sound correspondence
the relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds
levels of language proficiency
L1) entering L2) beginning L3) developing L4) expanding L5) bridging
literal
the most basic or exact meaning of a word
mechanics
the conventions of print that are not necessary in spoken language, such as punctation, capitalization, and indentation
meter
the basic rhythmic structure of the lines or verses in poetry
misplaced modifier
a modifier that causes confusion because it does not modify its intended word or phrases
modifiers
words or phrases that change the meaning of or add details to other words or phrases in a sentence
moral
the lesson the author intends to teach the reader in a literacy text
morphemes
the smallest units of language that contain meaning
narrative writing
a writing style that tells a personal or fictional story that entertains the reader
narrative poems
poems that tell stories
onset
the beginning consonant or consonant blend of a syllable
paraphrasing
briefly restating information in one's own words
persuasive writing
a writing style that convinces, or persuades, a reader to subscribe to the author's opinion or point of view (often used for speeches and advertisements)
phoneme
each small unit of sound in a language
phoneme blending
combining phonemes to make a word
phoneme deletion
removing phonemes from words to make words
phoneme segmentation
separating phonemes in words
phoneme substitution
replacing phonemes in words to make new words
phonemic awareness
a type of phonological awareness; an understanding of how phonemes form a language by creating differences in the meanings of words
phonics
the study of relationship between the spoken sounds in words and the printed letters that correspond to those sounds
phonological awareness
an understanding of how sounds, syllables, words, and word parts can be orally manipulated break apart words, make new words, and create rhymes
plagiarism
intentionally copying and taking credit for another person's work
plot development
the exposition, rising action, problem/climax, falling action, and resolution
preproduction stage of language acquisition
the silent period; learners refrain from speaking but will listen, may copy words down, and can respond to visual cues
primary sources
original materials representative of an event, experience, place, or time period
prosody
the range of vocal expressions a reader uses when reading aloud, including rhythm, intonation, and stress patterns
punctuation
periods, commas, question marks, exclamation marks, and other markings that divide text
qualitative measures
contributors to text leveling that included analysis of text elements such as structure, language clarity, and knowledge demands
quantitative measures
contributors to text leveling that included readability scores determined by computer algorithms that evaluate text elements such as word frequency and sentence length
reader and task considerations
matching texts to particular students, classes, and/or tasks based on their inherent needs as determined by the professional judgement of educators
reading accuracy
the ability to recognize or decode words correctly
reading rate
the speed and fluidity with which a reader can read
register
particular styles of language determined by purpose, audience, and social context
reliable sources
trustworthy materials that come from experts in the field of study
rhyme scheme
rhyme pattern in a poem; may be represented as letters
rime
a syllable's vowel and tis remaining consonants (not including the onset)
roots
the basis of many words in the English language, typically derived from latin or greek
second-person point of view
a narrative perspective from an external "you" whether that be the reader or unknown other
secondary sources
sources that inform about events, experiences, places, or time periods using primary sources but that were not directly involved in the event in any way
setting
where a story takes place
sight words
words that are repeated most often in text
silent period
the preproduction stage of language acquisition
simple sentence
a sentence that contains a subject, a verb, and a completed thought
speech emergence stage of language acquisition
learners can chunk simple words and phrases into sentences that may or may not be grammatically correct and can understand simple readings when reinforced by graphics or pictures
stages of language acquisition
preproduction, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency
structural analysis
an analysis of the roots and affixes of words
summarization
distilling and condensing a text into its main idea and key details by identifying story elements
summarization
condensing a text into its main idea and key details by identifying story elements
syntax
the grammatical formations and patterns of sentences
text features
supplemental information outside of the main text such as chapter headings, titles, sidebars
text leveling
complexity of text as determined by quantitative measures, qualitative measures, and reader and task considerations
text structure
organizational structures like causes and effect, problem and solution, sequence of events or steps in process, compare and contrast, and description
theme
the basic idea that the author wants to covey in a literacy text
third-person limited omniscient point of view
a narrative perspective in which a detached and all knowing narrator tells the story from the point of view of all the characters, including all their thoughts and feelings
third-person objective point of view
a narrative perspectives in which a detached narrator relates the actions and dialogue of the story, but not the thoughts or feelings of any characters
tone
the attitude of a text
tone
the attitude of a text
usage
common rules for how language is used under certain conditions or within particular styles
writing styles
specific types of writing that coney the author's purpose for writing to explain to entrain to describe or to persuade
addition
the process of combining two or more numbers
algebraic expressions
contain numbers, variables, and a mathematical operation
algorithms
a set of steps to follow when solving a problem
angles
a shape formed by two rays that share a common point
area
the size of a surface measured in square units
area models
also called the box method: a nontraditional approach to multiplication that promotes understanding of place value
arrays
a pictorial representation of multiplication problem
associative property
in multiplication and addition, the way numbers are grouped in parentheses does not matter (a+b)+c=a+(b+c)
bar graphs
a graph that uses lengths of rectangles to show data
base-10
the numbering system where each digit is with 10 times as much as the digit to the right of it
binomials
an algebraic expression with two different variables
box plots
also called box and whisker plots, data is shown using the median and range of data set
circle graphs
a pie chart where each piece demonstrates a quantity
commutative property
in multiplication and addition, the order of the numbers on each side of the equation does not matter ab=ba
composite numbers
a natural number greater than 1 that can be divided by at least one other number besides 1 and itself
coordinate plane
the plane containing the x-axis and y-axis
customary units
units of measure used in the United States
decimals
any real number in the base-10 system, but often refers to numbers with digits to the right of the decimal point
denominator
the number on the bottom of a fraction
dependent variables
variables whose value depends on other variables
digits
any number 0-9
distributive property
multiplication distributes over addition: a(b+c)=ab+ac
dividends
a number that is being divided by another number
division
splitting a number into equal parts
divisors
the number by which another number is divided
dot plots
a graphical display of date using dots
double bar graphs
bar graphs that present more than one type of data
double line graphs
a line graph that presents more than one type of data
equations
algebraic expressions that use an equal sign
estimation
a close prediction that involves minor calculations
expanded form
breaking up a number by the value of each digit
exponents
the number written to the upper right of another number that indicates how many times that number should be multiplied by itself
factors
numbers that are multiplied with each other
figures
geometric forms made up of points, lines, or planes
formulas
mathematical relationships expressed in symbols
fraction
a part of a whole
functions
a relationship between input and output
histograms
a relationship between input and output
inequalities
two mathematical quantities that are not equal to each other
independent variables
values that determine that values of other variables
integers
positive or negative whole numbers that are not fractions or decimals
inverse operations
an operation that reverses another operation
length
the measurement of something from end to end
linear equations
an equation that results in a straight line when graphed
line graphs
a graph that uses points connected by lines to show data
line segments
a part of a line that connects two points
lines
a one-dimensional geometric shape that is infinitely long
mass
the amount of matter in an object
mean
the average
measures of center
included mean, median, and mode
median
the number in the middle when the data set is arranged from least to greatest
mental math
math that can be done in the student's head without the use of tools
metric units
the universal units of measure
mode
the most frequent
models
a mathematical representation of the real world
multiples
the product of two whole numbers
multiplication
repeated addition of the same number to itself
natural numbers
numbers used when counting, do not include 0, fractions, or decimals
nets
the shape of a flattened three-dimensional object
numerator
the number on top of a fraction
one dimensional
having only length
order of operations
worked the problem in order 1) parenthesis and brackets 2) exponents and square roots 3) multiplication and division 4) addition and subtraction
ordered pairs
two numbers written to show the position of a point in a coordinate plane
origin
the point (0,0) on a graph
outlier
a data point that is vastly different from the other data points
parallel lines
lines that remain the same distance apart over their entire length and never cross
percentages
a part of a whole conveyed per 100
perimeter
distance around a two dimensional shape
perpendicular lines
lines that cross at a 90 degree angle
place value
the value of the location of a digit within a number
points
location in a coordinate plane
polygons
two dimensional shapes that have three or more straight sides
prime numbers
a natural number greater than 1 that can only be divided by 1 and itself
probability
the likelihood that something will happen
product
the result of multiplying two or more numbers
quadrants
the four areas created by the intersection of the x-axis and the y-axis
quotient
the result of dividing one number into another
range
the difference between the highest number and the lowest number in a data set
ratios
a comparison of two things
rational numbers
a number that can be made by dividing two integers; includes fractions and terminating or repeating decimals
rays
a shape that starts at one point and goes infinitely in one direction
reasonableness
making common sense
remainder
the number that is left over when one number does not divide evenly into another
rounding
simplifying a number to any given place value
scatterplots
a graph of plotted points that compares two date sets
solids
three dimensional objects
statistics
the study of data
subtraction
finding the difference between two numbers
surface area
the sum of areas of all sides of three dimensional object
tessellations
creating patters through the tiling of polygons
three dimensional
having length, width, height
trends
two sets of data that show a pattern
two dimensional
having length and width
unit fractions
a fraction of where the numerator is 1
unit rates
the ratio of two measurements in which the second term is 1
volume
the amount of space that an object occupies as measured in cubic units
whole numbers
counting numbers including 0, that are not fractions or decimals
x-axis
horizontal position on a graph where y=0
y-axis
vertical position on a graph where x=0
abolitionism
the ending of slavery
Abraham Lincoln
first Republican president; an abolitionist elected in 1860; his election triggered Southern succession; he led the country through the civil war, but was assassinated in 1865 before Reconstruction truly began
absolute location
a location identifiable by specific geographical coordinates
Algonquin
northeastern Native American civilization in the Great Lakes Region
ancient Egyptians
emerged as early as 5000 BCE in the Nile Valley; known for their pyramids, art, use of papyrus paper, and pictorial writing (hieroglyphs); united under one monarch or pharaoh
anthropology
the study of humans and their cultures
arms race
competitive weapons development between the US and the USSR during the 1980's; the US intended to outspend the USSR, thereby weakening it
Articles of Confederation
the original framework of the US government, designed to create a loose confederation between the colonies (now states) while allowing them to retain much of their individual sovereignty; created intentionally weak, democratic government
assembly line
a labor-intensive method of production developed by Henry Ford in which workers repetitively execute separate key tasks in production, expediting the product's completion
Assyria
Sumerian-based civilization in the Near East; established military dominance and played an important role in regional trade
Athens
Ancient Greek city-state that became a revolutionary democracy controlled by the poor and working classes around 460 BCE; the first known democracy
Augustus Caesar
Julius Caesar's nephew Octavia who gained control of Rome is 27 BCE and became the first Roman emperor
Babylonia
Sumerian-based civilization in Mesopotamia; developed courts and an early codified rule of law- the Code of Hammurabi- "an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth
Barack Obama
first African American president, elected in 2008, ended wars in Afghanistan and Iraq; halted the Great Recession; developed programs to provide healthcare to uninsured Americans
Battle of Bunker Hill
took place on June 17, 1775; caused King George III to declare that the colonies were in rebellion
Battle of Fort Sumter
1861 attack on Union troops in Sumter, SC, by Confederate forces shortly after SC seceded from the Union; this battle sparked the Civil War
Battle of Lexington and Concord
beginning of violent conflict between American rebel militiamen (minutemen) and the British is 1775
Battle of Yorktown
1781 defeat of British forces by the Continental Army with support from France ending the Revolutionary War
Bill of Rights
the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution; a set of guarantees of certain rights enjoyed by Americans
Boston Massacre
1770 event in which British troops fired on a crowd of American protestors
Boston Tea Party
1773 protest of the Tea Act in which American colonial protestors disguised as Native Americans tossed tea off a ship in the Boston Harbor
cardinal directions
north, south, east, and west
Cesar Chavez
civil rights activist; led the United Farm Workers, who advocated for Hispanic farm workers who faced racial discrimination, poor treatment, and low pay
checks and balances
each branch of government has certain powers that limit the power of the other branches
Cherokee
Southeastern Native American civilization thought to be descended from the Iroquois; emerged in present day Georgia; forced during the Trail of Tears to leave their land and migrate to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Civil Rights Movement
social and political movement of the rights of African Americans and other disenfranchised people in the 1960's
Cold War
period of ongoing tension and conflict between the Us and the USSR, the post WWII global superpowers, remained "cold" because the two countries never engaged in direct military confrontation
Committees of Correspondence
colonial rebel protest group that distributed anti-British propaganda
concentration camps
forced labor and math camps where the Nazis imprisoned and killed Jews, Roma, Savic people, homosexuals, disabled people, people of color, prisoners of war, communists and others as part of the Holocaust
Congress
the branch of the federal government that makes laws (legislative branch); technically it has the power power in government
Constitution
the document that provides that framework for the US government
Constitutional Convention
1787 meeting of the states to resolve problems arising from limitations on federal power, a decision was made to completely throw out the old articles and write a new governing document from scratch, the Constitution
Creek, Chickasaw, and Choctaw
major Muskogean-speaking southeastern Native American civilizations; descendants of the Mississippi Mound Builders
cuneiform
a Sumerian development; the earliest known example of writing using characters to form words
conflict
the process of disagreement, usually resolved when one of the parties receives either the entirety or a satisfactory amount of the desired goal
cooperation
the process of working together to achieve similar goals, often leads to positive outcomes
D-Day
June 6,1994 when the US led the invasions of Normandy invading Europe during WWII
Declaration of Independence
issued on July 4, 1776, this document written in great part by Thomas Jefferson and singed by the leaders of the Second Continental Congress, asserted US independence from Britain
demand
how much desire there is for a product or service
deomokratia
Ancient Greek word meaning "people power
desert
a climate located in the low latitudes north and south of the savannah; the hottest and driest parts of the earth; receives less than 10 inches of rainfall a year
economic regulation
indirect or direct price control by the government
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
women's right activist; founded in the National Woman Suffrage Association and led the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention on women's right
Emancipation Proclamation
January 1, 1863 declaration by President Lincoln that slavery was abolished in the rebel states
euro
a common currency shared by some European countries
European Union
a forum for European countries to organize and cooperate politically, militarily, and economically; formed after the Cold War to promote European unity
exchange
the process of giving one thing and receiving another in return
First Continental Congress
meeting of colonial leaders in Philadelphia in 1774, organized in response to the Intolerable Acts; colonial leaders later presented concerns to the king and were rebuffed
Four Freedoms
in the context of the rise of racism, FDR defined these as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, and freedom from fear
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
elected to the presidency in 1932, developed the New Deal, rescuing the United States from the Great Depression, and led the country through WWII
genocide
killing people based on their ethnicity
geographic features
physical features of place like continents, bodies of water, plains, plateaus, mountains, and valleys
George Washington
colonial military leader, genera of the Continental Army, first US president; his able military leadership helped the colonies eventually secure independence, and his political leadership helped keep the young country united
glasnost
soviet reform meaning "openness
government regulation
government involvement in the economy of effect an economic or social outcome
Great Depression
the global economic collapse that resulted in widespread poverty and unemployed in the United States and the world
hieroglyphs
ancient Egyptian writing
high latitudes
Latitudes from 66.5 north and south to the poles
Holocaust
the dispossession, imprisonment, and murder of at least six million jews, Roma and slavic people by the Nazis
house of representatives
the lower house of congress, the body of lawmakers in congress with proportional representations reflection the population of each state
human geography
the study of the impact of people on the physical world
humid continental climate
located in the middle latitudes, the agriculturally productive true four season climate
humid subtropical climate
located in the middle latitudes a warm and moist climate on coastal areas north and south of the tropics that receive warm ocean currents and warm winds year round
Indian Removal Act
1830 law that forced Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and others from their lands in the Southeast to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
industrialization
the process of manufacturing; the process of an economy transforming from dependence on agricultural to industrial production; replacement of hand labor by machines as the main way of manufacturing, exponentially increasing production capacities
institutions
extensions of core social values created in response to varying individual and group needs; include government, private enterprise, religious institutions, academic institutions, local communities, and the family unit
intermediate directions
the directions between the cardinal directions
intolerable act
1774 Acts enforced by Britain in response to tensions and violence in the colonies, including closing Boston Harbor and bringing Massachusetts back under direct royal control
iron curtain
a metaphor for the concept of post WWII Europe divided between east (with communist governments generally aligned with the USSR) and west (with democratic capitalist governments generally aligned with the US)
Iroquois
northeastern Native American civilization in New York and southern Ontario/Quebec, a confederation of 6 tribes
John Adams
colonial leader, member of the Continental Congress, federalist, second US president, brother to the radical Samuel Adams, Adams supported a strong federal government and expanded executive power
Julius Caesar
a popular Roman military leader who forced the corrupt Senate to give him control and who began transitioning Rome from a republic to what would become an empire; assassinated in 44 BCE
League of Nations
a largely toothless international organization established after WWI and designed to prevent future outbreaks of international war, the basis for the later United Nations
low latitudes
the region located from the equator to latitudes 23.5 north and south
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of French controlled territory in North America by the United States, authorized, controversially, by President Jefferson; nearly doubled the size of the country
Manifest Destiny
the concept that it was the mission and fate of the United States to expand westward and settle the continent
marine climate
the warm and rainy climate located in the middle latitudes in areas that ar near or surrounded by water
Martin Luther King Junior
civil rights leader who fought for equal rights for African Americans; embraced peaceful protest as a means to achieve legislative and social change to end segregation between black and white Americans
mass production
large scale production of consumer products enabled by the assembly line and factories
Malcom X
civil rights leader who championed better living standards for blacks in northern cities and the empowerment of African American communities
mediterranean climate
a climate located in the middle latitudes between latitudes 30 and 40 north and south characterized by wet, mild winters and dry, warm summers
middle latitudes
the region located from latitudes 23.5 to 66.5 north and south
migration
patterns of movement from one place to another with the intention of settling permanently at the new location
Missouri Compromise
1820 legislation that allowed Missouri to join the union as a slave state but provided that any other states north of the thirty sixth parallel (36.30) would be free
monopoly
the control of a market for a good or service by one company
multinational corporations (MNCs)
companies based in one country with operations in one or more other countries; the primary driving forces of globalization
natural resources
fresh water arable land fuel livestock and game
Navajo
a pastoral people that controlled territory in present day Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah descendants of the ancestral pueblo of anasazi who built cliff dwellings
New Deal
plan presented by FDR to rescue the US from the Great Depression; included emergency acts to save the banking system and long term relief for the poor and unemployed
Nile Valley
the fertile land on the banks of the Nile River conducive to agriculture and irrigation
nuclear weapons
very powerful weapons that can destroy entire cities, possessed by only a few world powers, first developed by the United States and the Soviet Union
opportunity cost
when a consumer makes a choice at the cost of another choice or the value of an opportunity
Pax Romana
a period of stability in the Mediterranean region under the Roman Empire
Pearl Harbor
US military base in Hawaii; on December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, causing the US to enter WWII
perestroika
a term meaning "transparency" referring to Soviet reform
pharaoh
ancient Egyptian monarch
physical geography
the study of the natural processes of the earth
Plains tribe
included the Sioux, Cheyanne, Apache, Comanche, and Arapaho who live in the Great Plains area, nomadic peoples, depended mainly on the buffalo for sustenance
polis
Ancient Greek word meaning city state or community
political features
towns and cities; country, state, or national borders
president
the head of state and head of the executive branch; has the power to appoint federal officials and judges, sig or veto laws and make foreign policy he is also the commander in chief of the US armed forces
primary socialization
when a child learns the values, actions, and attitudes that are appropriate for members of his or her particular culture
pyramids
Egyptian burial tombs for pharaohs
Quartering Act
a 1765 law that forced American colonists to provide shelter, even in their homes to British troops stationed in the region
regions
parts of the world with definable and identifiable characteristics
relative location
where a place is situated in relation to another place or places
reparations
costly financial compensation charged of Germany by the victors of WWI to cover the cost of the war
Samuel Adams
radical colonial American rebel; leader of the Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence
savannah
climate located in the low latitudes north and south of the rain forest; dry in the winter and wet in the summer, experiencing an average of 10-30 inches of rain
scarcity
insufficient supply to meet demand
Second Continental Congress
meeting in colonial leaders in Philadelphia in 1775 when colonial leaders agreed on declaring independence and forming the united states of America
secondary socialization
occurs when an individual learns the appropriate values, actions, attitudes, and behaviors as a member of a smaller group within a larger society
Senate
the body of lawmakers in congress with equal representation two senators are elected to represent each state