what is the definition of pathology?
study of diseases that cause abnormalities in structure and function of various organ systems
what is the definition for disease?
the pattern of the body's response to some form of injury that causes a deviation from or variation of normal conditions
Diseases may be hereditary or result from a broad spectrum of traumatic, infectious, vascular, or metabolic processes manifesting as a set of characteristics known as
signs and symptoms
signs represent ___________________________________ of the disease process
objective manifestations
symptoms represent _____________________________ of the disease process
Subjective (what the patient feels and describes)
diseases caused by abnormal cell growth is aka
Neoplasm
diseases caused by physicians and their treatments are aka
iatrongenic
diseases caused by underlying cause that may be unknown is aka
idiopathic
what describes the patient's expected outcome after dianogis?
prognosis
a condition characterized by a group of signs, symptoms, and disease processes may be categorized as a
syndrome
development of infections at the acute care facililty is called
nosocomial infections
development of infections outside a healthcare facility is called
community aquired
define asymptomatic
w/o subjective or objective manifestations
acute inflammation is the initial response of
body tissues to local injury
what are the 4 overlapping events of the inflammatory repsonse?
alteration of blood flowmigration of white blood cellsphagocytosis of dead cellsrepair by regeneration
what does hyperemia do?
produces heat and redness associated with inflammation
what does exudate do?
tissue that results in swelling associated with inflammation that produces pressure on nerve endings and causes pain
what is phagocytosis?
digestion of infectious organisms(white blood cells migrate to site of injury)
what is another name for scab?
keloid - tumor like scar
what are the 5v clinical signs of acute inflammation?
rubor (redness)calor (heat)tumor (swelling)dolor (pain)loss of function
what is pyogenic bacteria?
a thick yellow fluid called puss
what is puss?
dead white blood cells, inflammatory exudate, and bacteria
what is a suppurative inflammation?
associated with puss forming that occurs beneath the skin or in a solid organ that leads to an abscess
what is bacteremia?
bacteria in the blood
what is granulomatous inflammation?
localized area of chronic inflammation often having central necrosis
what is an example of granulomatous inflammation?
TB or syphillis
what is the definition of edema?
accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces or body cavitites
what does localized edema result from?
an inflammatory response-local obstruction to lymphatic drainage
what does generalized edema result from?
pronounced swelling of subcutaneous tissues throughout the body
what is another name for generalized swelling?
anasarca
what is the definition of elephantiasis?
obstruction of the lymphatic system-gross enlargement of an area of the body
generalized edema occurs in patients that have __________________________, _____________, & _________________
congestive heart failurecirrhosis of the livercertain forms of renal disease
ambulatory patients that have generalized edema often accumulate fluid where?
in the lower legs & ankles
hospitalized patients that have generalized edema often accumulate fluid where?
lower back, sacral areas, and lungs
what is the definition of ischemia?
interference of blood supply to an organ or part of an organ & deprives organ cells and tissue of oxygen
ischemia may be caused by a narrowing of arterial structures that is called _______________ or by thrombotic or embolic occlusion
atherosclerosis
what is the definition of infarct?
a localized area of ischemia necrosis within a tissue or organ
what are the 2 most common clinical forms of infarction?
myocardial pulmonary
how is gangrene formed?
it is formed whenever ischemia progresses resulting in necrosis
what is the definition of hemorrhage?
rupture of a blood vessel
a rupture of a large artery or vein is most often caused by ....
some form of trauma, atherosclerosis, or inflammatory or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall
what is a hematoma?
blood trapped in tissue-bruise
hemarthosis
blood in a joint
what does a hemorrhage depend on?
volume of blood loss, rate of loss, and site
what is a petechia?
minimal hemorrhage
what is a purpura?
larger hemorrhage
what is an ecchymosis?
large subcutaneous hematoma (bruise) that is > 1 to 2 cm
what is the definition of atrophy?
reduction in size and number of cells with decreased function (cast)
what is the definition of hypertrophy?
increase in size of cells
what is the definition of hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells
what is the definition of dysplasia?
loss of uniformity of cells, potential premalignant
neoplasia
New growth" - commonly called tumor
what are the 2 types of tumors?
benign and malignant
benign tumors
resemble the tissue they grow from and remain localized
malignant tumors
invade and destroy adjacent structures surrounding tissues and can metastasize causing death
what is the study of neoplasms?
oncology
what are the 2 basic components of all tumors?
parenchyma- organ tissue made up of proliferating neoplastic cellsstroma- supporting tissue made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
what do benign tumors consists of?
parenchymal cells that closely resemble the tissue of origin
fibromas
benign tumors of fibrous tissue
chondromas
benign tumors in cartilage
cystadenomas
large, cystic, benign tumor masses
lipomas
benign tumors in fatty tissue
myomas
Benign tumors of muscle tissue
angiomas
benign tumors of blood vessels
polp
benign epithelial tissue
adenoma
benign epithelial neoplasms that grow in glandlike patterns
what greek word means "crab"?
karkinos
carcinomas
malignant tumors of epithelial cells-skin
adenocarcinomas
malignant tumor of glandular tissue-breast
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial-lung, head, neck
undifferentiated or anaplastic
without form -grows in a bizarre pattern
sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue-bone, muscle, cartilage & spread more rapidly
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
aneroxia
loss of appetite
malignant neoplasms disseminate to distant sites by
-seeding within body cavities-lymphatic spread-hematogenous spread
what is seeding?
diffuse spreading ; invades natural body cavity
what is lymphatic spread?
major metastatic route of carcinomas -lung & breasts
what is hematogenous spread?
spreading by vascular-anatomic relationship-GI carcinoma moves to liver b/c of blood flow
what are the steps of the hematogenous spread?
1. tumor cell invades and penetrates blood vessels traveling as neoplastic emboli2. emboli gets trapped in small vascular channels of distant organs3. they invade the wall of the arresting vessel & infiltrate and multiply in the adjacent tissue
what is the paravertebral venous plexus?
a system of paravertebral veins that connect pelvic and thoracic vessels to the intraspinal
What is grading of a tumor?
assesses aggressiveness of degree of malignancy -indicates its biologic behavior and may allow determining appropriate therapy
what is staging of a tumor?
extensiveness of tumor at primary site and presence pf absence of metastases to lymph nodes and distant organs-determines most appropriate therapy
what is epidemiology?
study of determinants
Morbidity
the rate that an illness or abnormality occurs
mortality
number of deaths by disease per population
what is heredity disease?
passed from generation to the next through the genetic information contained in the nucleus of each cell-reflect an abnormality in the DNA
what is the most common heredity disease?
enzyme deficiency-albinism
44 of the chromosomes are called
autosomes
homozygous
genes that are the same for a particular trait
Heterozygous
genes that are different for a trait
dominant
produce an effect regardless if person is homozygous or heterozygous
recessive
manifest when person is homozygous
blue eyes are ____________ & brown eyes are ____________
recessive : dominant
what is a mutation?
alterations in DNA that can become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells
mutations can result from.....
radiation, chemicals, or viruses
autosomal dominant disorders
transmitted from one generation to the next-when affected person marries an unaffected person, half the children will have the disease
autosomal recessive disorders
only when person is homozygous for the defective gene (close marriages)-doesn't affect the parents but may the siblings ( 1 of 4 chance & 2 of 4 will carry the gene)
sex linked disorders generally result from
defective genes on the X chromosome b/c the Y chromosome is small and carries very few genes
antigens
foreign substance-viruses, fungi, bacteria, and toxins
whats another word for antibodies?
immunoglobulins
what are the 2 types of artificial immunities?
active and passive
active immunity
a person forms antibodies to counteract an antigen in the form of a vaccine or a toxoid-smallpox, polio, measles, tetanus-lasts for a long time
vaccine
low dose of dead or deactivated bacteria or viruses-toxin does not cause disease but triggers the development of antibodies
toxoid
chemically altered toxin, the poisonous material produced by a pathogenic organism.
passive immunity
administering performed antibodies from immune serum of an animal (horse)- acts immediately but only lasts a short period of time & doesn't have immunity against it -hepatitis, rabies
what are mast cells?
Cells that contain histamine, causes a local increase in vascular permeability
what are the 3 types of immune reactions?
histamine, cytotoxic, and delayed
histamine immune reaction
anaphylactic : hives, hypotensive, laryngeal edema
cytotoxic immune reaction
cell destruction : transfusion reaction, phagocytosis
delayed immune reaction
previously sensitized to an antigen- 2nd exposure can create a reaction unlike 1st exposure
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
transmission-based precautions
precautions used for persons with pathogens transmissible by contact, droplet, or airborne
AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome