How can Van der Waals forces be increased/maximized between molecules? A) Increase the distance between the molecules and increase the size of the molecules B) Decrease the distance between the molecules and decrease the size of the moleculesC) Increase the distance between the molecules and decrease the size of the moleculesD) Decrease the distance between the molecules and increase the size of the molecules
D) Decrease the distance between the molecules and increase the size of the molecules
Hydrogen bonds are one of the strongest intermolecular bonds due to greater electronegativity, but they are weaker thanA) Ionic bondsB) Van der Waal's forcesC) Covalent bondsD) A & C
D) A & C
Ether, Ester and peptide bonds are mainly created when elements undergo which type of reaction? A) Dehydration synthesis B) Decomposition C) Synthesis D) Single Replacement
A) Dehydration synthesis
Which of the following is NOT a step of translation?A) Initiation B) Elongation C) Termination D) Migration
D) Migration
Enzymes do NOT do which of the following?A) Facilitate natural chemical reactionsB) Speed up rates of reactions by acting like a catalyst C) Lower activation energy D) Increase activation energy
D) Increase activation energy
What is the most prominent protein found in the eye?A) CollagenB) KeratinC) AmylaseD) Insulin
A) Collagen
Which two amino acids make up the major component of collagen?A) Proline & HistamineB) Glycine & LysineC) Glycine & ProlineD) Lysine & Histamine
C) Glycine & Proline
Non-competitive inhibition (allosteric inhibition) changes which Lineweaver-Burke plot aspect? A) Km B) VmaxC) [S]D) Slope
B)Vmax and D)Slope
Which of the following is a common cause of angioid streak?A) Paget's diseaseB) Ehlers-danlos syndromeC) Sickle cell diseaseD) All of the above are common causes of angioid streaks
D) All of the above are common causes of angioid streaks
Which drug delays the onset of cataracts?A) CollagenB) Aldol reductase inhibitorC) ProparacaneD) Hexokinase
B) Aldol reductase inhibitor
What tissue has the highest oxygen consumption? A) Retina B) Lens C) Kidney D) Heart
A) Retina
Which of the following influence the fluidity of a cell membrane?A) Concentration of phospholipidsB) Concentration of cholesterolC) Saturation of phospholipidsD) B and CE) All of the above
D) B and C
Which type of carbohydrate metabolism is predominant in the retina? A) Pentose ShuntB) Aerobic GlycolysisC) Anaerobic GlycolysisD) Glycogen StorageE) Polyol Pathway
C) Anaerobic Glycolysis
Which of the following tissues have the highest rate of blood flow? A) Heart TissuesB) Retinal TissuesC) Iris TissuesD) Kidney TissuesE) Brain (Gray Matter) Tissues
B) Retinal Tissues
What are two strategies to avoid phase changes in membrane lipids? Select two.A) Increased cholesterolB) Decreased cholesterolC) More double bondsD) More single bonds
A) Increased cholesterol and C) More double bonds
Which protein is associated with caveolae? A) CaveolinB) RibosomesC) Keratin D) HemoglobinE) Albumin
A) Caveolin
Retinol is stored as: A) Beta caroteneB) Retinyl esterC) All trans retinalD) 11-cis retinalE) Retinol itself
B) Retinyl ester
Which of the following is NOT a typical finding associated with vitamin A deficiencyA) swollen optic nerveB) papilledema C) Orange reflexD) Amblyopia
D) Amblyopia
Which of the following is a major protein found in the lens ?A) PorinsB) CrystallineC) SorbitolD) Both a and b are correct
D) Both a and b are correct
Which of the following causes Stragardts disease?A) Retinal aldehydeB) SphingomyelinC) All trans retinalD) Tyrosine
A) Retinal aldehyde
Insulin is made by which of the following?A) Alpha cellsB) Beta cellsC) Delta cellsD) F cells
B) beta cells
Which of the following is not a function of a hormone? A) Regulates metabolismB) Controls growth and developmentC) Regulates glandular secretionsD) Produces electrolytesE) Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment
D) produces electrolytes
Which of the following is not a hormone? A) ProteinsB) SteroidsC) CarbohydratesD) Amines
C) Carbohydrates
What are the smaller, unconnected, newly-synthesized pieces of DNA in the lagging strand called in DNA replication?A) DNA PolymeraseB) HormonesC) Okazaki fragmentsD) Start codons
C) Okazaki fragments
Somatostatin is made by which of the following?A) alpha cellsB) beta cellsC) delta cells D) Tryptophan
C) delta cells
Which ocular component contains the highest levels of lactic acid as a byproduct of anaerobic respiration? A) MaculaB) LensC) VitreousD) Aqueous Humor
D) Aqueous humor
Which of the following regarding the thyroid hormone is TRUE?A) T4 is four times more potent than T3B) T4 and T3 are equal in potencyC) T4 is converted to T3D) T3 is converted to T4
C) T4 is converted to T3
Which of the following are cells in the pancreas? A) Beta cellsB) Alpha cellsC) Delta cellsD) All of the aboveE) None of the above
D) All of the above
The function of insulin is to? A) reduce glucose concentration levelsB) Increase glucose concentration levelsC) Increase glucagon D) None of the above
A) reduce glucose concentration levels
Which of the following is not a function of glucagon?A) Increases blood glucoseB) Increases blood fatty acids and ketoacidC) Increases blood ureaD) ALL are functions of glucagon
D) ALL are functions of glucagon
Catecholamines are produced in which level of the adrenal gland?A) Adrenal MedullaB) Zona ReticularisC) Zona FasciculataD) Zona Glomerulosa
A) Adrenal Medulla
What is the definition of an allele? A) The particular position on homologous chromosomes of a geneB) One specific form of a gene differing by only a few bases and occupying the same gene locus as the othersC) The whole genetic information of an organismD) A heritable factor that controls specific characteristics
B) One specific form of a gene differing by only a few bases and occupying the same gene locus as the others
Which of the following terms describe the whole genetic information of an organism? A) AutosomeB) LocusC) HeterozygousD) Genome
D) Genome
Which of the following is a stop codon?A) UAAB) UAGC) UGAD) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following is an Ocular Epigenetic disease?A) MyopiaB) Amblyopia C) BlepharitisD) Dry Eye
A) Myopia
Which of the following is a supercoiling protein that assists in the organization and compacting of DNA?A) HistonesB) AdenosineC) P53D) AUG
A) Histones
Which of the following is an example of a catecholamine?A) AcetylcholineB) Dopamine C) Glutamic AcidD) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
Which of the following is not a class of neurotransmitters? A) CatecholamineB) AcetylcholineC) Acetylcholine derivativeD) Amino Acid
C) Acetylcholine derivative
Which of the following converts GTP into GDP in the phototransduction pathway?A) TransducinB) ATPC) Na+D) 11 cis retinal
A) Transducin
11 cis retinol is oxidized into 11 cis retinal by which of the following in the vitamin A visual cycle?A) ATPB) 11 cis RDHC) RhodopsinD) cGMP
B) 11 cis RDH
A mutation of CRALBP can result in which of the following diseases?A) Retinitis pigmentosaB) Bothnia dystrophyC) Retinitis punctata albescensD) All of the above
D) All of the above
Melanopsin ganglion cells connect to the superchiasmic nucleus to do what?A) Give pigment to the eyeB) Distorted and wavy visionC) Produce circadian rhythmsD) React to the UV exposure and develops into skin cancer
C) Produce circadian rhythms
what is the molecule used in dark/light adaptation?A) OxygenB) CalciumC) Rhodopsin D) None of the above
B) Calcium
Which of the following is not a carotenoid?A) Beta- caroteneB) LuteinC) ZeaxanthinD) Melatonin
D) Melatonin
How many membrane spanning domains do G proteins have?A) 6B) 7C) 9D) 5
B) 7
Which of the following is not known to be associated with a CRALBP mutation?A) Retinitis PigmentosaB) Stargardt diseaseC) Bothnia DystrophyD) Retinitis Puncta Albescens
B) Stargardt disease
Which of the following ARE associated with a CRALBP? A) Retinitis PigmentosaB) Arthritis C) None of the above
A) Retinitis Pigmentosa
In response to light, photoreceptors:A) Always hyperpolarizeB) Always depolarizeC) May depolarize or hyperpolarize depending on ON or OFF-center conformationD) Undergo mitosis
A) Always hyperpolarize
The photopigment ______ helps regulate circadian rhythms in mammals.A) RhodopsinB) PhotopsinC) MelanopsinD) Cyanolabe
C) Melanopsin
An increase in calcium concentrations has what effect on the production of cGMP? A) IncreasesB) DecreasesC) No effect, unrelated
B) Decreases
Which of the following is true regarding the visual cycle?A) Rhodopsin is an inhibitory G-ProteinB) Channels in the outer segment are cAMP gatedC) Inner segment channels close when we are exposed to lightD) All of the following are false
A) Rhodopsin is an inhibitory G-Protein
What mutation causes Stargardt Disease?A) RPE 65B) CRBPC) RhodopsinD) ABCR Flipase
D) ABCR Flipase
True or False: You will body this final
True