prince henry the navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Fall of Constantinople
1453
columbian exchange
The exchange of goods and ideas between Native Americans and Europeans
peter the great
This was the tsar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.
Fredrick William I
King of Prussia from 1713-1740. Famous for his intensely trained and very large army. During his rule he nearly doubled it's size and pushed it to become the best trained force in Europe.
Francis 1
King of France in the 16th century; regarded as Renaissance monarch; patron of arts; imposed new controls on Catholic church; ally of Ottoman sultan against Holy Roman emperor.
concordat of bologna
1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
henry 2
increased royal authority. allowed nobles to pay him a fee instead of doing military service for him. made use of traveling judges.
catherine de medici
wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.
Henry IV of France
This was the king who issued the Edict of Nantes
Edict of nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
cardinal richelieu
Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles
Divine right theory of rule
Belief that God placed each ruler on the throne and therefore they owe their authority to no kne
Jean Baptiste Colbert
Chief Minister of Finance under Louis XIV
Commercial Revolution/ price revolution
occurred as a result of the accumulation of capital and the expansion.of the free-market economy and the commercialization of agriculture, which enriched the landowners in Western Europe.
henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Elizabeth 1 of England
Henry's daughter who made the church protestant
glorious revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
john locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
open field system
division of large fields into long, narrow strips that are not communal
enclosure movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
adam smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.
francis bacon
(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
René Descartes
17t century French philosopher. Famously known for writing "cogito ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"). Wrote about concept of dualism.
Nicolaus Copernicus
A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
johannes kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
james I
(1603-1625) Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings.
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
louis XIII
king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643)
magna carta
the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215
War of the Roses
struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
puritan revolution
A reference to the English civil war (1642-1646), waged to determine whether sovereignty would reside in the monarch or in Parliament.
absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
periodization
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
portolani
Charts by medival navigators & mathematicians that included contours, port distance, compass readings, but on a flat scale so it was of les use in longer journeys
dutch east indies
A group of islands in South East Asia claimed by the Dutch during Imperialism.
spice islands
Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg
Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506)
audiencia
a panel of 12 judges
viceroy
a governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch
intendants
French government agents who collected taxes and administered justice.
quinto
tax on all precious metal sin the new world -> spanish king
Mercantilism
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism.
charivari
Degrading public rituals used by village communities to police personal behavior and maintain moral standards
Cartesian Dualism
Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.
geocentric
A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
ptolemy
His ideas on science influenced Muslim and European scholars from Roman times until the Scientific Revolution. He was a Greco-Roman writer famous as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.
heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
copernican
Model of the universe developed by a Polish monk with the sun at the center and planets moving around the sun in circular orbits.
rationalism
A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
age of religion
Another name for the Middle Ages.
Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day
(1572) was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion.
War of the Three Henrys
This was the last of the wars that occurred over the religious differences in France, between the Catholics (Henry III of France and Henry of Guise) and Protestants (Henry IV)
duke of sully
Henry IV's devout protestant chief minister, combined indirect taxes on salt, sales, transit an leased their collection to financiers, revenues increased b/c of revival of trade, paid for the Company for Trade with the Indies, restored public order in France, laid foundations of eco prosperity
jean bodin
This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice
cardinal mazarin
This was the man who served under Cardinal Richelieu and laid the foundations for Louis XIV's expansionist policies
tudors
English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs; Elizabeth
court of the star chamber
a judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors
edward VI
(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.
Duke of Somerset
Regent for Edward VI between 1547-9
Mary I of England
Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon of England; "bloody Mary"; attempts to return England to Catholicism by persecution of protestants; marries Phillip II of Spain
elizabethan age
The period of the rule of Queen Elizabeth I in England, from 1558 to 1603.
thirty nine articles
written in 1563, this defined the rules of the Anglican Church. The document followed Protestant doctrine but still accomodated for other English, except the Puritans.
liturgy
ritual
privateers
Armed private ships
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Catholics wanted to replace Elizabeth with Mary, but Elizabeth executed Mary in 1582
Sir Francis Drake
English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)
shakespeare
English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616)
the gunpowder plot
a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England
great protestation
Issued by Parliament in 1621 that protested James I's policies, and stated that Parliament wanted more power in foreign affairs
charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
the bishops war
King Charles' attempt to enforce the use of The Book of Common Prayer by invading Scotland
long parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
the english civil war
Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king
Royalists/Cavaliers
the people who supported the King during the English Civil War
oliver cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
marston moor
The Battle of ...in 1644 was one of the greatest successes of the parliamentary army.
charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
Cavalier Parliament
a parliament between 1661 and 1679 that supported the king
tories
a person who supported the British cause in the American Revolution; a loyalist
whigs
conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. Included Clay and Webster
habeas corpus act
This was act in which any people unlawfully detained could be prosecuted
William of Orange
Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. Joined League of Augsburg as a foe of Louis XIV.
king phillip II
Catholic King of Spain and lost war and Spanish Armada to England.
Dutch Inquisition
...
stadtholder
local prince who led the provinces of the low countries during times of trouble
Dutch East India Company
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.