Collections of programming functions
libraries
What is the basic Linux GUI?
X Windows System, X
Main software portion of an OS
kernel
OS maintenance tools are called ____
utilities
OS's beginner user interface
GUI
Web browsers and word processors
applications
List 4 operating systems:
Linux, Windows, UNIX, Mac
What are 2 main types of user interface?
CLI, GUI
Which OS gives you a choice of GUIs?
Linux
What does CLI stand for?
Command Line Interface
What does GUI stand for
Graphical user interface
Linux was patterned after what proprietary OS?
UNIX
Name another version of UNIX?
BSD
List 5 things included in a distribution
kernel, tools, apps, scripts, installer
What does RPM stand for?
Redhat Package Manager
Compare embedded and desktop OSs
embedded require minimal administration
Should updates be frequent or not?
Depends—do you want latest or stability?
Compare alpha & beta w stable releases
· Alpha releases—brand new; very unstable· Beta releases—more stable than alphas
Discuss Linux development & open source philosophy
UNIX, BSD, Linux, GNUOpen Source applies to software where the source code is freely available for anyone to download, modify, and redistribute
Discuss Linux distributions & life cycle management
Routine updates, alpha, beta, stable
embedded system
requires little or no administration work from users and have fixed basic configurations and guided setup tools to help inexperienced users
describe Android
mobile Linux
describe LTS
Long Term Support. A new version of Ubuntu is offered every 2 years. LTS programs are supported for 5 years
Compare GUI w command line
GUI—simpler, CLI—more control
What is significant about Linux desktop configuration, as compared to Mac or Windows?
Ability to select & customize DT environment
Poems and software are examples of ___
Intellectual property
IP is subject to ____ laws
Copyright
What license does Linux provide?
GPL—general public license
Can Linux be redistributed?
Yes
List the first 3 OSI principles
Free redistribution, source codeavailability, permission to derive works
How is the Creative Commons different from FSF & OSI?
Licenses for videos & more than just sw
What is the goal of Creative Commons?
To combat the creative culture tied topermissions on earlier works
List several open source licenses
GNU GPL and LGPL—often used by Linux BSD license is used by open BSD OSs MIT license is used w X, X11, Xorg-X11 Apache (browser) license Artistic license—developed for PERL
Can you assume that all components of a non-free distribution are redistributable?
No
Explain how a business might make a profit from open source software
By selling Service and support, selling one license and giving one away for free, by selling software, manuals, or hardware drivers
What does the GPL provide?
License to redistribute the software
GPL
General Public License, the license used by the Linux kernel, grants the rights to redistribute the software, including both the source bode and binaries
BSD
license used by the open source BSD Oss and by various software components developed for them. Allows modifications to be distributed under other licenses.
Creative Commons
Goal is to combat creative culture tied to permission granted by those who hold copyrights on earlier works. Promotes its aims by providing six licenses that are designed for various purposes
Free Software
freedom to do things you want to do with the software, not the price of the software.
Open Source Software
a type of computer software in which source code is released under a license in which the copyright holder grants users the rights to use, study, change, and distribute the software to anyone and for any purpose.
FOSS
Free and open source software used as umbrella term to refer explicitly to both types of software and development
FLOSS
Free/Libre open source software used as umbrella term to refer explicitly to both types of software and development
List two popular 1991 computer operating systems
UNIX and Windows
What was Linus Torvalds doing in 1991?
Student at the University
How did his efforts evolve into Linux?
He wrote a terminal emulator to access theUNIX computer and kept adding features
What was AT&T doing in 1969?
Providing voice services
What major operating systems resulted from UNIX's free source code distribution?
BSD and Linux
What was an early Linux distro?
Slackware
List 4 improvements in today's Linux OS (since '91)
Kernel improvements—drivers, networking, etc Support tool improvements—shells, GUI's, etc New support tools, such as desktop environments New distributions, such as Android
List some advantages of open source software
Better code (more eyes) More flexibility—code can be customized Lower cost—still have to pay for support Lack of vendor lock-in; no proprietary standards
What does Linux's popularity demand?
Open source UNIX programs must run on Linux
List 4 types of embedded computers
Cell phones Ebook readers Digital Video Recorders (DVRs): TiVo Automotive computers Home appliances
List several types of desktop software w examples
A GUI X A desktop environment GNOME A Web browser Firefox An email client Thunderbird A graphics editor GIMP An office suite LibreOffice
List several types of server software w examples
Web server Apache Email server: Sendmail File server NFS Print server CUPS DNS BIND DHCP dhcpd
Discuss the open source philosophy
The open source philosophy is based on free usage, distribution source code availablility, and redistribution, with the premise that the code will improve and be more stable and reliable at a lower cost with a reduced risk of causing vendor lock-in.
Explain how embedded systems differ from other Linux roles
Embedded systems were not designed to be maintained by the end user, and have fewer system features which are configurable.
List 2 desktop environment functions
Controls the screen (GUI) Supports File Management
Which 2 desktop environments might be good choices if resources are limited?
LXDE and Xfce
Which might be a good choice for UNIX users?
Xfce
Which might be a good choice for Mac or Windows users?
KDE
Name some file management programs for Windows and for Linux
File Explorer (Windows) Nautilus, Dolphin, Thunar (Linux)
List 6 methods for launching programs in Linux
Desktop menus Desktop icons Panels Context menus (right click) Searching for programs CLI
Where would you select the default application to open a file?
Right-click the file / properties / Open with... tab
Name some ways to locate Linux productivity software
Desktop menus, search features, tables of equivalents, others' advice
What Linux software would serve as a substitute for MS Visio?
dia, yEd
What web browser doubles as a file manager?
Konqueror
How much does the Linux Essentials exam cost?
$110
What are some web site concerns?
Logging of user data, malware, phishing, security, theft
What is an example of a cloud storage resource?
Dropbox
Why should you only download software from a reputable site?
It is screened for malware
Does the LDAP protocol use TCP or UDP?
UDP
Explain the meaning of "server
The software providing a service or the computer on which it is running
Name 2 ways to start computer services
can be started by an initialization daemon at boot or from the command line
List 5 ways to help keep servers secure
keep software up-to-date Configure everything properly conduct audits remove unused software/accounts use a firewall
Which programming language was used to write the Linux kernel?
C
Which language is a hybrid of both types?
Java
List 2 tools which are capable of locating repositories
apt-get & yum
List 3 current CPU manufacturers
Intel, AMD, ARM
Will 64 bit software run on 32 bit processors?
no
How many possible values are there with 4 bits?
16
How many possible values are there with 8 bits?
256
What is an advantage of multicore CPUs?
More processing power in same space
List 3 commands which return CPU information
uname -a, lscpu, cat /proc/cpuinfo
What command returns mobo information?
lspci
Erratic computer behavior might indicate what?
Insufficient or failing power supply
Explain what a partition is
a logical division of a hard drive consisting of contiguous sectors
Compare 2 partitioning schemes
MBR (legacy) used w BIOS firmware; GPT used w UEFI firmware
List 3 partitioning tool families
fdisk, libparted, GPT fdisk
Compare Windows and Linux file systems
Win assigns letters to HD; nix mounts HD to FS
List the code for 3 popular Linux filesystems
ext4fs, ReiserFS, btrfs
List the code for 2 Windows file systems
FAT, NTFS
List the code for 2 Mac file systems
HFS, HFS+
In what Linux directory are devices found?
/dev
What does sd stand for in /dev/sda
scsi device
What commands attach and detach devices to / from the file system?
mount and umount
What must be done before disconnecting a removable media device?
Unmount / eject / safely remove
What *nix software controls the GUI display?
x
What software interfaces the OS & hardware devices?
Device drivers
Compare 3 monitor hardware connectors
VGA (analog), VDI (digital), HDMI (current dig)
What must be done before removing hardware devices?
Unmount / eject / safely remove
Where might drivers be stored?
Kernel, libraries, applications
What is another name for a CLI?
Shell
How many virtual terminals does Ubuntu have?
6
Many executable files are stored in what dir?
/bin
What is the name of the list of directories which the OS searches for executable files?
$PATH
What command displays the contents of a file?
cat
In order to interact with a program, must it be in the foreground or background?
foreground
Enter ps¿ What is the name of your shell?
Bash
What can you press to complete a command?
tab
What can you press to show the last command?
Up arrow
List 2 commands which will yield information about a given command
man, whatis
What command is similar to man?
info
List 3 general locations to find documentation
on computer, online, experts
What all can be found in Linux files?
Data, photos, documents, and hardware configuration settings
Users should not have access to ______ files
system
What is the purpose of the FHS?
To provide compatibility between distributions
Compare shareable files with unshareable files
System files should not be shared; user files may be shared
Compare static files with variable files
Static files do not typically change; variable files do
What directory...Holds miscellaneous transient files?
/var
What directory...Holds system configuration files?
/etc
What directory...Holds libraries?
/lib
What directory...Holds device files?
/dev
What directory...Holds system program files?
/sbin
What directory...Is the root directory?
/
What ls option displays the long version of files?
ls -l
What command tells your current directory?
pwd
Compare 3 ways to reference files
Absolute reference—must list complete path back to rootHome dir reference—lists path back to user's home dirRelative reference—is from user's current working directory
Compare the cp and mv commands
cp copies file or directory to a new location
Compare hard links with symbolic links
Hard links—point to a file and are listed in the dirSymbolic links—a not listed in the dir, but contain the filename of the linked file
Write a command to delete the Book and box files
rm Book box
Write a command to display c, car, and candy
ls c*
Write a command to display car and candy only
ls ca*
Write a command to create Directory1
mkdir Directory1
Write a command to delete Directory1 if it is empty
rmdir Directory1
What must you do first if you get this message?rmdir: failed to remove 'source': Directory not empty
rm -r Directory1
The following are examples of what kind of basic regexp?Bl.wAmazon\.comgr[ae]yG.*Jones201[0-6]^Now
any single characterescapingbracketrepetitionrangestart of line
The following are examples of what kind of extended regular expressions?([oi]) [A-Za-z0-9]+ green|blue|yellow
parenthesesadditional repetition operatormultiple possible strings
List 5 commands used to search for and extract data
grep find wc sort cut cat
Which command will rearrange the file's contents in its output?
sort
What command joins the contents of 2 files in its output?
cat
Which command will extract fields of data?
cut
Which command returns file metadata?
wc
List 2 command which find files
find and locate
What programs are used to compress and decompress files on Windows computers?
zip and unzip