The primary motor cortex processes info for muscles on the ______ side of the body; the cerebellum processes info for muscles on the ________ side(s) of the body
- Contralatetal; Ipsilateral
What body position generates the highest pressure within intervertebral discs
- Sitting
A pregnany female undergoes a pudendal nerve block to reduce apin during labor and delivery. What might the pt. experience?
- Weakness of the voluntary sphincter of the bladder
57 yr. old sees neurologist for history of significant weight loss and difficulty swallowing. He has an absent gag reflex and difficulty elevating his shoulders. Where is the tumor?
- Jugular foramen- CN IV, V, VI affected
What nerve carries sensory innervation from the upper lip?
- CN V2
Female gets hit on the side of her head, just superior and anteriro to the external ear. Lost consciousness 10 mins post trauma. She has a lens-shaped hematoma between skull & duramater. Which blood vessel was severed?
- Middle meningeal artery
Female has blood clot in R vertebral artery, prior to vertebral artery entering cranial vault through foramen magnum. What brain region is likely affected?
- Inferiro cerebeullum
A person had a stroke within medulla oblongata. They have diminished CN IX and X activity. What reflex is mostly affected?
- Gag reflex
A cyst is causing an obstruction of the foramen oof Monro, leading to hydrocephalus. Which ventricular chamber has a buildup of CSF?
- Lateral ventricle
L eye stuck looking down and out, L eye dilated more than R. L eye doesn't exhibit a direct or consensual response. What explains these symptoms?
- Aneurysm in posterior cerebral artery
A 73-year-old woman presents with the following symptoms: left progressivehearing loss, unsteady gait, and vertigo. As part of her evaluation, this woman's physician orders an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), which shows a lesion consistent with an intracranial tumor. What is the most likely location of this lesion?
- Internal acoustic meatus
These scans revealed the presence of a penetrating lesion of thewhite matter tract that connects the two hemispheres of her cerebrum, also known as "split-brain". Once the patient is stabilized, the attending neurologist explains to the patient's family that some functions of the brain that are lateralized, like language and facial recognition, may show some deficits because the two hemispheres of the brain can no longer communicate. Which of the following white matter tracts of the brain is most likely severed in this patient?
- Corpus callosum
A 65 year old man who is right handed has a stroke. Although his speech is fluid and melodic and he articulates well, he makes little sense and uses few meaningful words. He is unable to name common objects and does not seem to understand the physician's questions. He has diminished sensation in his right arm and hand. The patient's stroke has most likely affected which of the following areas?
- Middle cerebral
A person suffers an embolic stroke in the left ACA. Which deficit would be expected?
- Loss of motor function in the right lower extremity
CSF surrounding the brain is found
- Between the arachnoid & pia mater
Patellar tendon reflex tests which levels
- L3 & L4
The _______ association cortex is involved in recognizing objects, while the _______ association cortex is involved in deciding what to do with the object
- Temporal; frontal
A man is brought to the emergency room after a car crash. A doctor shines a light in his right eye and only the right pupil constricts. What region is most likely damaged?
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Damage to the striate cortex below the calcarine sulcus would result in difficulty processing info from what visual field?
- Superior
Your client is reporting a twinkling light in his right peripheral vision. On further examination, he describes it almost as a strobe light with the flashes occurring about every second. What artery is most likely affected?
- Anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA)
The auditory cortex is located on the _______ gyri within the _______ sulcu
- Superior temporal; lateral
Which auditory property most depends upon the utilization of bilateral auditory information?
- Sound localization
Which structure is designed to test angular acceleration?
- Semicircular canals
In which region of the brain can all 3 endogenous opioid peptides be found?
- Periaqueductal gray matter
The right gracile nucleus projects to the
- Right thalamus
A lesion restricted to the right side of the spinal cord would produce:
- Pain deficit on the left side and mechanosensory deficits on the right side of the body
What mechanism maintains the focal image at a roughly constant location on the retina when shaking one's head back and worth?
- Vestibulo-ocular reflex
A pt has lost all sensation from his torso below the face, upper limbs, and upper torso. He can voluntarily move his upper limbs, but not lower limbs. Eye movements are intact. Movements of the jaw, face, and tongue are normal. What level is the injury at?
- Thoracic spinal cord
Cats carry a protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii, which is spread to rodents. Once the rodents are infected, the parasite destorys part of the rodent's brain, causing them to lose their fear of cats and thus provide the cat with easy prey. What brain structure does this parasite target?
- Amygdala
What brain region is most responsible for executivve function?
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Your TBI pt has increased pressure within the skill and a tube was placed in a hole in his skull to relieve the pressure. The tube allows for the measurement of intracranial pressure and provides a shunt for excessive fluid. This is called ______
- Ventriculostomy
A physician desires to test the health of the pons during a physical exam. What reflex is most likely used to test the pons?
- Corneal reflex
A 55 year old presents to the primary care physician with chief complaints of headache and changes in vision in the right eye. During the visual exam, the pt is unable to properly follow the physician's finger with impaired accommodation in the affected eye. In addition, the pt's pupil is dilated with diminished pupillary constriction upon exposure to light. The physician orders a series of imaging tests after suspecting the involvement of a CN. The cerebral anteriogram revealed an aneurysm in a cerebral artery. An aneurysm in what artery would contribute to such a neurological deficit in this patient?
- Right posterior communicating
A patient with left cerebellar damage would most likely exhibit:
- Jerky, imprecise movements on the left side of the body
What is the mechanism of LTP expression?
- Increase in the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors?
A man is brought to the emergency room after a car crash. The doctor shines a light in his right eye and only the right pupil constricts. Which os the following regions is most likely damaged?
- Edinger-Westphal nucleus
A 2 day old neonate presents with hydrocephalus as a result of a blockage of CSF in the ventricular system due to a tumor. The tumor is located in the midbrain and most likely occuludes which passageway?
- Cerebral aqueduct
Your TBI pt is showing marked signs of improvement and is starting to demonstrate goal-directed behavior. He follows simple commands consistently and shows carryover for tasks like self-care. He has started demonstrating re-learning. What is his Rancho Cognitive Scale score?
- VI
Pt collapsed while doing yardwork. His deficits include loss of sensation in his right leg and foot. He is unable to move his right lef to walk. Where did he have a stroke?
- Left anterior cerebral
In the clinic you see a pt who hd a pituitary tumor removed that was pressing on a portion of the central visual pathway. There are still some long-term visual field deficits. What is the most likely visual field deficit from this nerve damage?
- Bitemporal hemianopia
Information about vibration and joint position that originates in the left knee is carried by a neural pathway that crosses to the right side in the CNS by the _________
- Caudal medulla
An action potential travels in only one direction along the axon because of its __________ property
- Refractory
Pt complains of feeling dizzy in the mornings. Symptoms worsened, pt is now dizzy all the time. Sitting down, standing up, and stopping/starting walking in a straight line intensifies the dizziness. What is the organ that is responsible for this type of acceleration?
- Utricle and saccule(linear)
What statement about Na+ permeability during an AP is most accurate:
- It is responsible for the rising phase of the AP
A plaque is loosened from the arterial wall during a carotid endarterectomy. The plaque flows distally up the internal carotid artery, through the carotid anal and cavernous sinus, and lodges in an artery distal to the Circle of Willis. A CT perfusion scan confirms significantly reduced blood flow to the lateral surface of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. This imaging finding supports the physical exam of the pt that showed motor and sensory deficits affecting the face and upper extremity. What artery was occluded?
- Middle cerebral artery
A pt complains of memory issues and has trouble sitting up. He shuffles when he walks, and his shoulders are stopped. He says he struggles to sit up and often slumpts to one side when sitting. He is told that he calls his kids by the wrong name. What condition does he have?
- Parkinson's disease
A pt is admitted to ED after reporting a sudden inability to understand words written in the newspaper. He nsaid that his ability to read has slowly improved in the past few hours, however, an MRI revealed a lesion in the inferior parietal lobe where the Wernicke's area is located. What major cerebral artery supplies Wernicke's?
- Middle cerebral artery