Types of Speech Context
Intrapersonal and Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
- This refers to communication that centers on one person where the speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. "The message is made up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself, you discard certain ideas and replace them with others.
Interpersonal
- This refers to communication between and among people and establishes personal relationship between and among them. Solomon and Theiss (2013) state that "the inter part of the word highlights how interpersonal communication connects people... when you engage in interpersonal communication, you and another person become linked together... The personal part means that your unique qualities as a person matter during interpersonal communication...
Dyad Communication
communication that occurs between two people
Small Group
- This refers to communication that involves at leastthree but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. In this type of communication, all participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open discussion.
Public
- This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. "In public communication, unlike in interpersonal and small group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are more expansive because the audience is bigger. The speaker might use additional visual channels such as slides or a Power Point presentation.
Mass Communication
- This refers to communication that takes place through television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Types of Speech Style (5 types)
Intimate, Casual, Consultative, Formal, Frozen
Intimate
- This style is private, which occurs between or among close family members or individuals. The language used in this style may not be shared in public.
Casual
- This style is common among peers and friends. Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.
Consultative
- This style is the standard one. Professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style. Examples of situations are communication between teachers and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient, judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.
Formal
- This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are sermons by priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
Frozen
- This style is "frozen" in time and remains unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common examples are the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord's Prayer, and Allegiance to country or flag.
Three Types of Speech Act
Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
Locutionary act, Illocutionary act,
is the actual act of uttering.
Illocutionary act
is the social function of what is said.
Perlocutionary act
act is the resulting act of what is said. This effect is based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
Searle's Classifications of Speech Act (5 Categories)
Assertive, Directive, Commissive, Expresive, Declaration
Assertive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, and concluding.
Directive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
Commissive
- a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning, vowing, and betting.
Expressive
- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring.
Declaration
- a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence, and excommunicating.
Types of Communicative Strategy (7 types)
Nomination, Restriction, Turn-taking, Topic control, Topic shifting, Repair, Termination
Nomination
A speaker carries out nomination to collaboratively and productively establish a topic. Basically, when you employ this strategy, you try to open a topic with the people you are talking to.When beginning a topic in a conversation, especially if it does not arise from a previous topic, you may start off with news inquiries and news announcements as they promise extended talk. Most importantly, keep the conversational environment open for opinions until the prior topic shuts down easily and initiates a smooth end. This could efficiently signal the beginning of a new topic in the conversation.
Restriction
_______ in communication refers to any limitation you may have as a speaker. When communicating in the classroom, in a meeting, or while hanging out with your friends, you are typically given specific instructions that you must follow. These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.For example, in your class, you might be asked by your teacher to brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver a speech on digital natives. In these cases, you cannot decide to talk about something else. On the other hand, conversing with your friends during ordinary days can be far more casual than these examples. Just the same, remember to always be on point and avoid sideswiping from the topic during the conversation to avoid communication breakdown.
Turn-taking
Sometimes people are given unequal opportunities to talk because others take much time during the conversation. Turn-taking pertains to the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. There is a code of behavior behind establishing and sustaining a productive conversation, but the primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak.
Topic Control
_______ covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations. For example, in meetings, you may only have a turn to speak after the chairperson directs you to do so. Contrast this with a casual conversation with friends over lunch or coffee where you may take the conversational floor anytime.Remember that regardless of the formality of the context, topic control is achieved cooperatively. This only means that when a topic is initiated, it should be collectively developed by avoiding unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts. You can make yourself actively involved in the conversation without overly dominating it by using minimal responses like "Yes," "Okay," "Go on"; asking tag questions to clarify information briefly like "You are excited, aren't you?", "It was unexpected, wasn't it?"; and even by laughing!
Topic Shifting
as the name suggests, involves moving from one topic to another. In otherwords, it is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins.When shifting from one topic to another, you have to be very intuitive. Make sure that the previous topic was nurtured enough to generate adequate views. You may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift like "By the way," "In addition to what you said," "Which reminds me of," and the like.
Repair
______ refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. For example, if everybody in the conversation seems to talk at the same time, give way and appreciate other's initiative to set the conversation back to its topic.Repair is the self-righting mechanism in any social interaction (Schegloff et al, 1977). If there is a problem in understanding the conversation, speakers will always try to address and correct it. Although this is the case, always seek to initiate the repair.
Termination
________ refers to the conversation participants' close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well.Although not all topics may have clear ends, try to signal the end of the topic through concluding cues. You can do this by sharing what you learned from the conversation. Aside from this, soliciting agreement from the other participants usually completes the discussion of the topic meaningfully.