How many types of muscles are there and what are their names
3 cardiac, skeletal/ and smooth muscle
what muscle moves bone?
skeletal muscle
what is the secondary function of the skeletal muscles
thermoregulation- heat generation
how do the skeletal muscles work to produce heat
it produces small muscle contractions to generate heat.
Which muscle are voluntary (move with brain signals)
skeletal
which muscles are involuntary( move without signals from the brain)
smooth and cardiac
this process is when the muscles nerve supply is interrupted for a lengthy period of time causing them to shrink
atrophy
what are two divisions of the nervous system that modify the heart activity?
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what involuntary muscles are found all over the body
smooth
what are the two main forms of smooth muscle
visceral and multi unit
what specific muscle is found where small delicate contractions are needed?
multi unit
3 examples of where small delicate contractions occur
pupils of the eyes, inside blood vessels, passageway of lungs
what specific type of muscle is found in the walls of many soft organs?
visceral
3 examples of where you would find visceral muscle
stomach intestines bladder
cats have this amount of muscles
517
dogs have this amount of muscle
700
sympathetic
stimulates the heart to beat harder and faster
parasympathetic
inhibits cardiac function causing the heart to slow down
duties of the integumentary sytem
cover and protect under lying structuresprotects from infectionwaterproofs the bodyprevents fluid lossprovides species with their colorassists in the maintenance of body temperatureimportant sensory organprovides a site for vitamin a synthesisexcretes water, salt, and organic waste
what are the 3 layers of skin
epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous
What is keratin?
proteins that provides skin with its waterproofing properties
what are meloncytes
produce and contain black pigment
how many layers of epidermis are there
5 layers
where is the thickest skin found
pads
which skin layer does not contain blood vessels
epidermis
what 2 substances do mast cells produce
histamine and heparin
What does the integumentary system consist of?
skin, appendages, glands, wool, hair feathers, fur, scales, claws, beaks, horns, hooves and nails
what is another name for the subcutaneous skin layer
hypodermis
what are the 2 main skin glands
sebaceous glands and sweat glands
what substance is excreted by sebaceous glands
sebum
what glands are located within the ear canal
ceruminous glands
what is the hair shaft
visible part of the hair
what are the 3 portions of the hair shaft
cuticle, cortex, medulla
what is the difference between guard hairs and secondary hairs
guard hairs are long, straight and stiff and form the outer coat aka primary hairssecondary hairs are soft fine and wavy form the undercoat
what is a tactile hair and what is an example of one
long brittle extremely sensitive hairs whiskers
what is another name for tactile hair
vibrissae
what is the quick and what does quicking mean
the connective tissue between the wall and the sole that contains blood vessels and nerve ending. quicking is the result of trimming the nail or claw to the level of the dermis results in bleeding and pain
name 3 vestigial structures
dewclaws, chestnuts, and ergots
What is fine needle aspiration?
insertion of a needle into a tissue to examine cells under a microscope
a skin scraping is done to look for what
mites
what is an abcess
localized collection of pus
why are cats more likely to get abcessess
more likely to fight and have alot of bacteria in their mouths
what is atopy
hypersensitivity to environmental allergens involving pruriitis and secondary dermatitis
what is another term for dermatophytes
ringworm
what is feline military dermatitis and its main cause
skin disease in cats which multiple crusts and bumps are present mostly on the dorsum usually caused by FAD
what are 2 conditions caused by mites
sarcoptic mange and demodectic mange
what is puppy pyoderma
skin disease in puppies characterized by pus containing lesions
6 adnexa structures of the eye
orbit, eye muscles, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva
what is the anatomical name for the third eye lid
nictitating membrane
list the 4 walls of the eye
sclera, choroid coat, tapetum lucidum, retina
miosis
constricted pupils
mydriasis
dilation of the pupil
how does the iris work
muscle contract to make the opening bigger or smaller
What is the name of the muscles that adjust the shape and thickness of the lens called?
ciliary muscles
What is the nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives messages?
retina
Specialized cells that react to light a
rods
Specialized cells that react to color are
cones
Which test detects corneal injury by placing dye on the surface of the cornea?
Fluorescein dye stain
When wanting to measure tear production which test would be used?
Schirmer tear test
What condition does a tonometer test for?
eye pressure
What is the term for rapid, involuntary contractions of the eyelid?
blepharospasm
What is the term for involuntary, constant, rhythmic movements of the eye?
Nystagmus
sclera
white portion of the eye
choroid coat
absorbs scatter light and nourishes the retina
retina
nervous layer tissue of the eye that receives messages
optic nerve
gathered nerve endings of the retina
lens
the clear, flexible, curved structure that focuses images on the retina
blindspot
...
cornea
provides most of the focusing power for the eye transparent front part
iris
colored portion of the eye
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
what 3 things make up the choroid coat
iris, pupil, lens
What is the conjunctiva?
The pink tissues surrounding the eye.
tapetum lucidum
brightly colored iridescent reflecting layer of the choroid
accommodation
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
ciliary body
thickened extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation or adjustment of the lens