Menstration
A cyclic process whereby the endometrial lining is shed if implantation of a conceptus hasn't occurred
Menstration start and end
Starts at menarch - 10-14 yrs Ends at menopause - 45-55 yrs
menstrual cycle phases
menstrual phase (day 1-5)proliferative phase (day 6-14)secretory phase (day 15-28)
menstrual phase
Endometrium degenerates, sloughs off the myometrium, expelled as menses
proliferation phase
Regrow the of endometrium, mainly under the influence of estrogen released by ovarian follicle, ends at ovulation
secretory phase
Luteal phase, begins at ovulation and ends when menstruation ends, glandular and vascular Changes in endometriumPrimarily under influence of progesterone, absence of fertilization results in fall of estrogen and progesterone, start of menstruation
hormonal regulation
Endometrium responded to estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood, levels controlled by feedback system between the ovaries, hypothalamus, and anterior hypophysis of pituitary
Hypothalamus secretes
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), rise in gnh causes pituitary gland to release follicle stimulating hormone
Pituitary gland secretes
Releases FSH, causes numerous follicle in ovary to grow, follicle produces estrogen and rising estrogen triggers pituitary to release leutinizing hormone, rise in LH causes ovulation to occur
Proliferation phase hormone
Estrogen
Secretory phase hormone
Progesterone
Hormone causing ovulation
luteinizing hormone
Hypothalamus hormone
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
pituitary hormones
FSH and LH
ovaries hormones
estrogen and progesterone
Graafian follicle
mature follicle, ruptures between 1.8 & 2.5cm
Mittelschmerz
abdominal pain that occurs midway between the menstrual periods at ovulation
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Vaginal bleeding not related to menstrual cycle
hypermenorrhea
excessive menstrual flow
hypomenorrhea
an unusually small amount of menstrual flow during a shortened regular menstrual period
polymenorrhea
frequent menstrual bleeding occurring less than 21 days apart
oligomenorrhea
Menstrual cycles of more than 35 days
menorrhagia
excessive bleeding during menstruation
dysmenorrhea
painful menstruation
amenorrhea
absence of menstruation
Primary amenorrhea
the failure to begin menstruating at puberty
secondary amenorrhea
the absence of menstruation after a period of normal menses
HRT (hormone replacement therapy)
used to treat severe manifestations of menopause.uterus: estrogen and progesterone, if no uterus estrogen only. helps with hot flashes and vag drynessPros - decrease menopause symptomCons - inc risk of breast and bladder cancer