autonomy
right to act independently. patient has right to choose their treatment or refuse it
beneficence
best interest of patient
confidentiality
obligation to protect patient privacy "patient-physician privilege
justice
moral rightness/fairness. who gets what treatment when resources are scarce
nonmaleficence
avoidance of evil acts. "first do no harm
fidelity
faithfulness; loyalty. keeping your word
veracity
truth-telling; not lying to patientsprinciple that governs the patient's right to learn about their diagnosis
dignity
patient's right to be treated w/respect and appropriateness
verbal communication
allowable communicationnever allow discussions to be overheard even if no names are used
written information
safeguards patient records, hide patient names on schedules
computer info
never share passwords, log out after use
copying/faxing/receiving faxes
correct fax#, confidentiality statement on coversheetretrieves faxes immediately
personal conduct
access only on "need to know" basis. no curiosity searches
breach of confidentiality
Failure to protect patient privacy (tort action that violates HIPAA law)cannot assume we can share patient information w/ a family member, spouse without the pt's consent
aids ethics problem solving
consequentialismdeontology
consequentialism
decisions based on consequences/outcome of the action/decision
deontology
doing what they believe is right regardless of consequences
EMTALA
requires hospitals to treat ER pts regardless of ability to pay for treatment
statutory law
written law
common law
unwritten law
civil law
addresses harm to one party by another
tort
actions leading to personal injury or property damage; compensation sought
discovery
facts sought by plaintiff's attorney - audio/video evidence, study images
trial
presentation of facts; Sonographer or student may be called to testify
scope of practice
procedures, acts and processed permitted by law which the individual has received education and clinical experience, in which demonstrated competency
sensitivity
true positive (TP and FN)do have disease and we correctly find it
specificity
true negative (FP and TN)do not have disease and we correctly find no disease
complete blood count (cbc)
rbc, wbc, hct, hgb, plt count
excess rbc
polycythemia vera
decreased rbc
anemia
define hematocrit (hct)
portion of blood occupied by RBCpcv - packed cell volumelow lvls suggests anemia and/or bleeding
define hemoglobin (hgb)
RBC carries oxygenlow lvls suggests anemia
white blood cells (leukocytes)
high lvls = infectionincreases w/ cancer, exposure to certain medications/chemicals
platelet count (plt)
too few - uncontrolled bleedingtoo many - blood clots
hemoglobin a1c
test for people suspected or known to have diabetes
prothrombin
produced by liver helps blood clotproduction of PT depends on intake and use of VitK
prothrombin time (pt)
measures how quickly pt turns to thrombin (how quickly blood clots can form)
when PT is prolonged, administration go VitK may be necessary before invasive procedures, to ensure...
normal clotting time
partial thromboplastin time (ptt)
measures the time it takes for blood to clot
jaundice
increased level of bilirubin cause bile pigment to stay in bloodyellow cast/white of eyes
what is infiltrative liver disease
liver tissue invaded or replaced by abnormal proteins, or complexes
alanine transaminase (alt)
associated w/ liver as it is normally released into blood by normal liver cell deathelevated lvls suggests existence of: alcoholic or viral hepatitis, liver damage, diabetes
amylase
breaks down starch
lipase
breaks down fats
blood urea nitrogen (bun)
measures the amount of urea in the blood
bun increased levels
poor renal function
bun decreased levels
liver disease or damage
creatinine
high values may indicate poor renal function or renal disease
blood in urine is always
abnormal
positive urine test for nitrates is
UTI
alpha-fetoprotein (afp)
levels tested to predict likelihood of down, ntd (neural tube disorders), like spina bifida
beta hcg
produced in early pregnancy.can detect ectopic or failing pregnancies
beta hcg testing in females w/ suspected...
ovarian cancer
beta hcg testing in men to determine presence of...
testicular cancer
what is the quad screen test used for?
assess likelihood of genetic disordersinhibin-a: new addition to screen
why is quad screen better than the triple screen?
higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting down syndromelower FP rate
high levels of ca-125 suggests...
indicate benign tumor