absolute monarch
a ruler that has unlimited power and authority over his or her people
divine rights
Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.
Charles V
King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1558, his opposition to the protestant reformation embroiled spain in a series of wars throughout his reign
Peace of Augsburg
an agreement between states in the Holy Roman Empire that gave each German prince the right to decide whether his state would be Catholic or Protestant
Philip II
king of spain, naples from (554-1598), and portugal (1580-1598); he led roman catholic efforts to recover parts of europe from protestantism. he defeated by england and the netherlands
El Greco
greek painter in spain, chiefly religious in nature, his work express the spirit of the counter, or catholic, reformation
Diego Velazquez
This artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age.
Miguel de Cervantes
Spanish writer best remembered for 'Don Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form
Sister Juana Ines de la Cruz
Mexican poet who was criticized of her work. She talked about the rights that woman should have
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
huguenot
A French Protestant
Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
thousands of French Huguenots and other Protestants killed at wedding of Henry of Navarre
Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness
Edict of Nantes
1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.
louis XIII
French king who succeeded Henry IV when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.
Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.
Louis XIV
This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France.
War of Spanish Succession
This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V
Treaty of Urecht
1713, ended War of Spanish Succession between Louis XIV's France and the rest of Europe; prohibited joining of French and Spanish crowns; ended French expansionist policy; ended golden age of Spain; vastly expanded British Empire
puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
charles I
son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland
royalists
supporters of the king during the English Civil War
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
commonwealth
A form of government not lead by a monarch but the people (Parliament) have an impact in the government. Like a republic.
Restoration
the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government
charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
william and mary
These people were the king and queen of England after the Glorious Revolution that recognized the supremacy of the English Parliament
Glorious Revolution
A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.
Constitutional Monarchy
A system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law.
Boyars
Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts
czar
A Russian emperor
Ivan IV
The Terrible"; Russian ruler; cruel and tyranical; murdered nobility; extremely paranoid (killed his own son); taxed people heavily; took title of "czar
Peter the Great
(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.
Westernization
An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western—especially European or American—countries.
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
Thirty Years War
(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic
Maria Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
Frederick the Great
Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy.