slow-twitch fibers
- low contractile velocity- "red fibers": carry lots of myoglobin- lots of mitochondria, capillaries- slow to fatigue
fast-twitch fibers
- high contractile velocity- "white fibers": carry less myoglobin- less mitochondria, capillaries- tire quickly
bone composition
phosphate, hydroxide, calcium
cortical bone
compact bone—forms hard exterior
cancellous bone
spongy bone—fills interior
Native-PAGE
separates proteins in their **native states** by charge and size
SDS-PAGE
separates proteins based on their mass alone; SDS disrupts all non-covalent interactions (leaves disulfide bonds intact) to bind proteins and creates large chains with net negative charge, thus neutralizing the protein's original charge and denaturing it
reducing SDS-PAGE
exactly the same as SDS-PAGE, but with the addition of a reducing agent which will reduce the disulfide bridges and result in a completely denatured protein
isoelectric focusing
a specialized method of separating proteins by their isoelectric point using electrophoresis; the gel is modified to possess a pH gradient
lac operon
inducible operon—lac operon is expressed when lactose is present and glucose is absent
trp operon
repressible operon—transcription of the operon is inhibited by the presence of tryptophan
digestive pathway
oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum
liver products
ketone bodies, lipids, glycogen, bile, albumin, clotting factors, nonessential amino acids
bile
aids in the digestion of fats
tidal volume
amount of air that moves into the lungs during each inspiration
respiratory dead space
volume of gas in air passageways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) that doesn't reach the alveoli (so it's not available for gas exchange with the circulatory system)
adaptive radiation
divergence of 1 species into multiple species over time, which can occur when subgroups of the original species are separated or isolated in different environments so these subgroups evolve independently of one another
exocrine vs endocrine glands
exocrine glands: release products through ductsendocrine glands: release products into bloodstream
in-vivo vs in-vitro
in-vivo: within a living organismin-vitro: in glass, such as a petri dish or test tube
reverse transcriptase
enzyme encoded by some retroviruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
# of possible gamete combinations
2^n; n=# of heterozygous genotypeseg. 2^3 AaBbCc gives 8 possible gamete combinations
monosynaptic reflex
only one synapse involved between a sensory and motor neuron
polysynaptic reflex
1+ interneurons involved
genetic leakage
Hybrid offspring are produced when members of two different species mater. If these hybrid offspring mate with either parental species that produced the offspring, genetic leakage (eg., the transfer of genes between different species) may occur.
X-linked dominant inheritance
all females of the affected father are diseased
X-linked recessive inheritance
all sons of the affected mother are diseased
Y-linked inheritance
only affects males
autosomal recessive inheritance
two affected parents only have affected children
totipotent vs pluripotent vs multipotent
totipotent: "total", can be any type of cellpluripotent: can be any cell except those found in placental structuresmultipotent: more specialized; can be multiple types of cells