Bio

slow-twitch fibers

- low contractile velocity- "red fibers": carry lots of myoglobin- lots of mitochondria, capillaries- slow to fatigue

fast-twitch fibers

- high contractile velocity- "white fibers": carry less myoglobin- less mitochondria, capillaries- tire quickly

bone composition

phosphate, hydroxide, calcium

cortical bone

compact bone—forms hard exterior

cancellous bone

spongy bone—fills interior

Native-PAGE

separates proteins in their **native states** by charge and size

SDS-PAGE

separates proteins based on their mass alone; SDS disrupts all non-covalent interactions (leaves disulfide bonds intact) to bind proteins and creates large chains with net negative charge, thus neutralizing the protein's original charge and denaturing it

reducing SDS-PAGE

exactly the same as SDS-PAGE, but with the addition of a reducing agent which will reduce the disulfide bridges and result in a completely denatured protein

isoelectric focusing

a specialized method of separating proteins by their isoelectric point using electrophoresis; the gel is modified to possess a pH gradient

lac operon

inducible operon—lac operon is expressed when lactose is present and glucose is absent

trp operon

repressible operon—transcription of the operon is inhibited by the presence of tryptophan

digestive pathway

oral cavity → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum

liver products

ketone bodies, lipids, glycogen, bile, albumin, clotting factors, nonessential amino acids

bile

aids in the digestion of fats

tidal volume

amount of air that moves into the lungs during each inspiration

respiratory dead space

volume of gas in air passageways (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles) that doesn't reach the alveoli (so it's not available for gas exchange with the circulatory system)

adaptive radiation

divergence of 1 species into multiple species over time, which can occur when subgroups of the original species are separated or isolated in different environments so these subgroups evolve independently of one another

exocrine vs endocrine glands

exocrine glands: release products through ductsendocrine glands: release products into bloodstream

in-vivo vs in-vitro

in-vivo: within a living organismin-vitro: in glass, such as a petri dish or test tube

reverse transcriptase

enzyme encoded by some retroviruses that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

# of possible gamete combinations

2^n; n=# of heterozygous genotypeseg. 2^3 AaBbCc gives 8 possible gamete combinations

monosynaptic reflex

only one synapse involved between a sensory and motor neuron

polysynaptic reflex

1+ interneurons involved

genetic leakage

Hybrid offspring are produced when members of two different species mater. If these hybrid offspring mate with either parental species that produced the offspring, genetic leakage (eg., the transfer of genes between different species) may occur.

X-linked dominant inheritance

all females of the affected father are diseased

X-linked recessive inheritance

all sons of the affected mother are diseased

Y-linked inheritance

only affects males

autosomal recessive inheritance

two affected parents only have affected children

totipotent vs pluripotent vs multipotent

totipotent: "total", can be any type of cellpluripotent: can be any cell except those found in placental structuresmultipotent: more specialized; can be multiple types of cells