morphological
the form or structure of something
reproductive isolation
Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Species
a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
Con-specifics
members of the same species
prezygotic reproductive barriers
1) Habitat Isolation 2) Behavioral Isolation (differing behaviors for attracting mates) 3) Temporal Isolation (mate at different times) 4) Mechanical Isolation 5) Gametic Isolation (unable to fertilize egg)
post-zygotic reproductive barriers
Hybrid viability, hybrid sterility, hybrid breakdown.
Systematics
Study in diversity of organisms and relationship among them
Law of Priority
the first valid scientific name given to an organism is the recognized name
Holotype
Specimen designated as the name bearing type of species when established, all others compared to holotype
Allotype
Opposite sex of holotype
Paratype
Other representative specimens of species
Fixity of species
all species remained unchanged throughout the history of the earth. Perfect creation.
Fossil
A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
Baron Cuvier
First to use comparative anatomy to develop system to classify animals.
Leclerc
Believed living things change through time due to migration, geographical isolation, overcrowding, struggle for existence.
Strata
Fossil layers
Earthquake in Chile significance 1835
Rocks by tide now elevated above, saw animals in rocks, also saw animals in mountains suggests mountains were once in sea
Darwins observation of variation of species
How Galapagos species compared to those in Europe, certain adaptations to environment . gauchos cowboys and greater Rea, 15 different species of tortoise, varying beaks, mockingbirds.
Cocos Islands
Terrestrial species low, though geology was relatively similar. But huge diversity in marine life, similar to that at Galapagos.
The present is the key to the past
Laws of physics remain the same, natural processes which acted in past, will continue to act
Darwins theory of natural selection
1. More offspring are born into a population that can survive.2. Populations tend to remain stable in size except for seasonal fluctuations3. These offspring must compete for natural resources4. Members of a population very extensively and characteristics except for twins5. Much of variation is heritable
survival of the fittest
natural selection. Those better suited to environment will survive.
Pakicetus
An ancestor of whales
Hyracotherium
Ancestor of horse/hoof animals
Archaeopteryx
Ancestor of feathered animals
Evidence for evolution
Artificial selection, fossils.
Six biographical regions on earth
Nordic, neotropical, Ethiopian, Palaearctic, oriental, and Australian
Cephalogale
Ancestor of bears, migrated across Russian Alaskan ice bridge. Mostly northern hemisphere
convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Micro evolution
Formation of new species, depends on variation of a species
Macro evolution
Formation of a new species through evolutionary change on a large scale
Waimanu
Ancestor of penguins. Native to modern day New Zealand, only in Southern Hemisphere.
Bateson mimicry
Species resembling toxic warnings of another species even if not toxic themselves
mullein mimicry
all species are poisonous and look similar to each other
Population
group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
Adaptation by natural selection
Camouflage, beak length, teeth, mimicry
industrial melanism
darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution. In moths
Galapagos Island finches
1977 drought caused plants to produce larger seeds, increasing peak depth of finches due to natural selection
sexual cannibalism
Female eats meal after sex as a high energy source for faster egg development
sexual dimorphism
Differences in physical characteristics between males and females of the same species.
Intra-sexual selection
male-male competition
intersexual selection
individuals of one sex are choosy in selecting their mates from the other sex. Display of health
Anagenesis
When species transformed into new species over course of many generations
Cladogenesis
Division of One species into two or more species
Two types of macro evolution
Anagenesis and cladogenesis
Speciation
Formation of new species
allopatric speciation
the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation
Founder affect
Establishment of a new population by small number of individuals
adaptive radiation
Species diversifying itself overtime due to natural selection in ecological changes