a defined anatomical area of the body containing structures and organs within a distinct boundary
What is the definition of a body region?
head, neck, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, and limbs
What are the main body regions?
the thoracic vertebrae
What is the dorsal boundary of the thorax?
ribs
What is the lateral boundary of the thorax?
the costal arch and the 13th rib
What is the caudal boney boundary of the thorax?
the indirect attachment of ribs 9-12 onto the sternum by an arch or cartilage
What is the costal arch?
the abdominal viscera
What lies immediately caudally to the costal arch?
the diaphragm
What is the muscular bony boundary of the thorax?
manubrium
What is the name for the first thoracic sternebrae?
2
how many layers is skin composed of?
epidermis (outer) and dermis (inner)
What are the two general skin layers?
epithelium
What is the outer layer of skin composed of?
connective tissue
What is the inner layer of skin composed of?
fascia, aponeurosis, tendons, and ligaments
What are the general different forms of connective tissue?
a muscle having only one attachment on the point of reference. these can move one part of the body relative to another part of the body
What is the definition of an extrinsic muscle?
these muscles have both attachments on the point of reference. These can only move one part of the limb relative to another part of the limb
What is the definition of an intrinsic muscle?
of, relating to, or involving a rib
Define costal:
spinous process
What is #1?
intervertebral foramen
What is #2?
transverse process with transverse fovea
What is #3?
small depression
What is a fovea?
a projection from a structure
What is a process?
cranial costal fovea
What is #4?
caudal costal fovea
What is #4'?
body
What is #5?
mammillary process
What is #6?
body
What is #1?
spinous process
What is #2?
transverse process
What is #3?
articular process-cranial
What is #4?
articular process- caudal
What is #5?
lamina vertebral arch
What is #6a?
pedicle vertebral arch
What is #6b?
vertebral foramen
What is #7?
relating to a joint or joints
What does articular mean?
a small rounded part of the bone
What does tubercle?
bellybutton, navel
What does umbilicus?
nipples
What are mammae?
a thin but extensive sheet of skeletal muscle that covers most of the dorsal and lateral walls of the abdomen and thorax.
Where is the cutaneous trunci muscle?
epaxial, extrinsic forelimb, and muscles of ventilation
What are the three functional muscle groups of the thoracic body wall?
they are dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae and function to extend the vertebral column and thus support weight
Where are the epaxial muscles and what is there function?
iliocostalis, longissimus, transversospinalis
What are the three groups of epaxial muscles in the thoracic cavity?
mainly the scapula or humerus
To which bones do the extrinsic forelimb muscles attach?
latissimus dorsi, superficial and deep pectoral muscles, and serratus ventralis
What are the four extrinsic forelimb muscles?
they create a sling which supports the trunk
What is the purpose of the extrinsic forelimb muscles?
superficial pectoral
What muscle is designated by the letter a?
deep pectoral muscle
What muscle is designated by the letter b?
external abdominal oblique
What muscle is designated by the letter c?
latissimus dorsi
What muscle is designated by the letter a?
deep pectoral
What muscle is designated by the letter b?
external abdominal oblique
What muscle is designated by the letter c?
scalenus, internal and external intercostals, and the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique
What are the main muscles of ventilation in the thoracic body wall?
the long axis of the limb is defined by a line between digits III and IV
what is a long axis?
facing/ towards the long axis
what does axial mean in reference to the long axis?
facing away from the long axis
What does abaxial mean in reference to the long axis?
refers to the medial rotation of a limb resulting in the palmar and plantar surface of the paw facing ventrally or laterally
What does pronation refer to?
refers to the lateral rotation of a limb resulting in the palmar or plantar surface of the paw facing medially or dorsally
What does supination refer to?
movement away from the median plane
What does abduction mean?
movement toward the median plane
What does adduction mean?
the change of position of the bones that compromise a joint such that the useful angle motion at that joint is reduced
What does flexion mean?
the change of position of the bones that compromise a joint such that the useful angle of motion at that joint is increased
What does extension mean?
cutaneous trunci
What is the most superficial muscle of the thoracic body wall?
lateral thoracic nerve (C8, T1), skin twitching
What nerve innervates the cutaneous trunci and what does that cause?
lies deep to the cutaneous trunci and runs from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae and the thoracolumbar fascia to the teres major tuberosity of the humerus. This extrinsic limb muscle is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve (C7, C8, T1)
Where does the latissimus dorsi lie and what is it innervated by?
this extrinsic limb muscle us divided into thoracic and cervical parts. It runs from the supraspinous ligament and the median raphe of the neck to the spine of the scapula. The thoracic part is superficial to the dorsal portion of the latissimus dorsi. The trapezius is innervated by the accessory spinal nerve (cranial nerve XI)
Where does the trapezius lie and what is it innervated by?
this extrinsic limb muscle originates from the sternum and inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus and on the greater tubercle of the humerus via an aponeurosis. It is innervated by the caudal pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
Where does the deep pectoral muscle lie and what is it innervated by?
this muscle originates from the last six or seven ribs and its fibers run caudoventrally to terminate at the linea alba and prepubic tendon. It functions to maintain the integrity of the abdominal wall and as a muscle of expiration.
Where does the external abdominal oblique lie and what is its function?
cutaneous trunci muscle
What is represented by #1?
latissimus dorsi muscle
What is represented by #2?
trapezius muscle
What is represented by #3?
deep pectoral muscle
What is represented by #4?
external abdominal oblique muscle
What is represented by #5?
brachiocephalicus muscles
What is represented by #25?