What are the testes composed of?
seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue
Where is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
Where is testosterone produced?
interstitial tissue of testes
Which cells regulate sperm production?
setoli cells
Where does sperm maturation and storage occur?
epididymis
What gland excretes nutrient fluid into semen?
seminal vesicles
What enzyme causes semen to clot after ejaculation?
vesiculase
Which two glands provide add nourishing fluid for the sperm?
seminal vesicles and prostate
What is the inability to attain or sustain an erection firm enough for satisfactory intercourse?
erectile dysfunction
What disorder is caused by either slow arterial inflow or fast venous drainage to corpus cavernosum?
erectile dysfunction
What is the result of impaired spermatogenesis?
low sperm count - below 15 million/mL
What is the presence of no sperm in semen?
azoospermia
What are the three primary causes of azoospermia?
testicular azoospermia, post-testicular/obstructive azoospermia, pretesticular azoospermia
What is a birth defect in boys in which the opening of the urethra is located ventrally on penis?
hypospadias
What is the birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is located on the dorsum of the penis?
epispadias
What is the inability to retract the foreskin over glans in uncircumcised males?
phimosis
What occurs when a forcibly retracted prepuce becomes trapped, producing glans congestion, edema, pain, and urinary obstruction?
Paraphimosis
What is the inflammation of the glans?
balanitis
What is the most common cause of balanitis?
fungal infection
What is the inflammatory disease w/ a white, sclerotic patch at tip of glans which can constrict urethral opening?
balanitis xerotica obliterans
What is the sexually transmitted cauliflower-like growth on the glans caused by HPV?
condyloma acuminatum
What is a squamous carcinoma that forms a grayish or reddish plaque on glans?
Bowen disease
What is the distortion of an erect penis from fibrous scar tissue of the corpus cavernosum?
peyronie disease
What is a prolonged erection of the penis due to impaired venous outflow from inflammation or drug therapy?
priapism
What is the inflammation of the urethra primarily caused by infection?
urethritis
What is the protrusion of the bowel into the inguinal canal or scrotum through a weak spot in abdominal muscles?
inguinal hernia
What is a fungal infection that causes red and itchy rash in warm and moist areas around the scrotum/inguinal skin?
Tinea cruris (jock itch)
What is the condition in which veins become enlarged inside the scrotum?
varicocele
What is the accumulation of fluid in the sac of the tunica vaginalis that surrounds the testis?
hydrocele
What is the congenital condition in which one or both of the testis fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum?
cryptorchidism
What is the concern with a non-descending testicle?
10x risk for testicular malignancy and non-functioning testes
What is the swelling of the testes from inflammation?
orchitis
What is the inflammation of the epididymis?
epididymitis
What symptoms differentiate orchitis and epididymitis?
testicular pain and tenderness more severe in epididymitis
What are cysts of the epididymis that contains sperm?
spermatocele
What is the twisting of the spermatic cord from rotation of the testicles?
testicular torsion
What disorder is associated with intense scrotal pain, swelling, N & V?
testicular torsion
What is the surgery to move and/or permanently fix a testicle into the scrotum?
orchipexy
Are the majority of testicular neoplasms benign or malignant?
malignant
What are the two major groups of testicular neoplasms?
germ cell tumors and sex-chord/stroma cell tumors
What is a neoplasm that grows as a mass of disorganized tissues?
benign teratoma
What germ cell tumor is the most common that grows and metastasizes slowly?
seminoma
What makes the germ cell tumors unique?
they stem from totipotent cell so they can grow into anything
What diagnostic measure is contraindicated in germ cell tumors in men?
biopsy - do not want to breech inherent barrier of testes that prevents spread of malignancy
What neoplasms arise from primitive embryologic sex-chord stromal cells?
sex chord/stromal tumors
Which tumors arise in testicular stroma?
leydig cell tumors
Which tumors arise in seminiferous tubules?
sertoli cell tumors
What is the prostate's primary function?
produce seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm
What hormone is required for the prostate to maintain its function?
androgen
What is the role of prostate specific antigen (PSA)?
dissolves clotted semen and allows sperm to migrate upward into female genital tract
Where does prostate cancer typically develop?
posterior and peripheral region
What is the issue with antibiotic treatment in bacterial prostatitis?
antibiotics do not penetrate tissue well - gland harbors reservoir of organisms that are difficult to completely eradicate - recurrent acute or chronic prostatitis
What is caused by nodular hyperplasia of the prostate gland and supporting tissue?
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
What is the malignancy of the prostate gland epithelial cells?
prostatic carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
What is the stimulus for continued growth of prostatic carcinoma?
adrogen
What is the neoplastic growth of epithelial cells within preexisting benign prostatic acini or ducts?
prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN)
What is the common site of metastasis for prostate cancer?
bone