Matter
Any substance that occupies space and has mass (weight).
Element
The simplest form of chemical matter and contains only one type of atom. It cannot be broken down into a simpler substance without a loss of identity
Atoms
The basic unit of matter with a nucleus at the center surrounded by negatively charged electrons that move around the nucleus in orbits.
Compound Molecules
Also known as compounds; a chemical combination of two or more atoms of different elements in definite (fixed) proportions.
A physical mixture
a physical combination of matter in any proportion. The properties of a physical mixture are the combined properties of the substances in the mixture.
Types of physical mixtures
Solutions, Suspensions, and Emulsions The distinction between them depends on the types of substances, the size of the particles, and the solubility of the substances
Solution
A stable, uniform mixture of two or more substances.
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solution
Solvent
The substance that dissolves the solute and makes the solution
Suspensions
Unstable physical mixtures of two or more immiscible substances (substances that normally will not stay mixed) plus a special ingredient called an emulsifier
Emulsifier
An ingredient that brings two normally incompatible materials together and binds them into a uniform and fairly stable mixture
Overexposure
Refers to how long prolonged, repeated, or long-term exposure to certain product ingredients can cause sensitivity in some people. The overexposure principle is used to describe how overexposure determines toxicity
Acidic solution
a pH of 7 is a neutral solution a pH below 7 indicates an ______________
a pH above 7 indicates
alkaline solution
Pure distilled water
Has a pH of 7, which is an equal balance of acid and alkaline
Pure water
With a pH of 7, is 100 times more alkaline than a pH of 5, so pure water is 100 times more alkaline than your hair and skin.
Acid-alkali neutralization reactions
Occurs when an acid is mixed with an alkali in equal proportions, balancing the total pH and forming water (H2O) and a salt
Oxidization— Reduction
Also known as Redox, is a chemical reaction in which oxidization and reduction take place at the same time. When oxygen is chemically combined with a substance, the substance is oxidized
Reducing agent
A substance that adds hydrogen to a chemical compound or subtracts oxygen from the compound.
incompatibility
when transporting chemicals they cannot be mixed or even stored near each other
SDS
White they contain essentially the same information, there are some significant differences between the two. While both sheets provide valuable safety information about chemicals, the organization and ease of understanding has been greatly improved in the SDS
Carcinogen
a substance that causes or is believed to cause cancer.