Define anatomy
the study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another
Define physiology
the study of the function of body parts and how they work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
Define gross or macroscopic anatomy
the study of large anatomical structures that can be seen at the eye
Give examples of anatomical structures that are examined in gross anatomy
heart, lungs, kidneys
What are the 3 categories of macroscopic anatomy?
regional, system and surface
Define regional anatomy
when all the structures in a particular region of the body are studied together
Define system anatomy
looks at just one system
How many systems in the body are there?
11
Name all the systems in the body
nervous, skeletal, muscular, integumentary, endocrine, reproductive, digestive, circulatory, urinary, lymphatic, respiratory
Define surface anatomy
the study of the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface
Define microscopic anatomy
the study of the anatomical structures that cannot be seen at the naked eye
What are some examples of things that can be seen in microscopic anatomy?
cells, tissues
What categories is microscopic anatomy divided into?
cytology and histology
Define cytology
the study of the cells of the body
Define histology
the study of the tissues of the body
Define developmental anatomy
traces the structural changes that occur during the life span
What are the categories of developmental anatomy?
embyology and aging
Define embryology
the study of the developmental changes that occur before birth
What 2 other sciences does physiology rely on?
physics and chemistry
What organs make up our renal physiology?
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What organs make up our nuerophysiology?
brain, nerves, spinal cord
What organs make up our cardiovascular physiology?
heart, blood vessels, blood
What is the level of organization of an organism starting from the smallest structure?
atom, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organ, organ system, organism
Define atoms
Building blocks of matter, the simplest form of organization
Define molecules
A group of atoms bonded together
Characteristics of organelles?
perform specific functions
Characteristics of cells?
specialization, different cells perform different tasks
Define tissues
groups of similar cells that share a common function
Define organ
a structure composed by at least 2 types of tissues, which perform a specific function
Define organ system
organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
How many necessary life functions are there
8
What are the necessary life functions?
maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
Define maintaining boundaries
the separation of internal and external environments
How does the body maintain boundaries?
through plasma membranes and the integumentary system (skin)
What does the integumentary system do?
maintains internal humidity, protects against infections, heat and chemicals
What system allows movement of body parts?
muscular system
How does the muscular system allow movement of body parts?
via skeletal muscles, substances via cardiac and smooth muscles (blood; digestion and urination)
Define contractility
movement at the cellular level
Define responsiveness
the ability to respond to stimuli
Define digestion
the breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into the blood
Define metabolism
all chemical reactions that occur in body cells
Metabolism is categorized how?
into catabolism and anabolism
Define catabolism
the breakdown of molecules
Define anabolism
the synthesis of molecules
Define excretion
the removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
What things need to be excreted from the body?
urea, carbon dioxide and feces
What is urea?
the breakdown of proteins
Define reproduction at the cellular level
the division of cells for growth or repair
Define reproduction at the organismal level
the production of new offspring
In what ways do cells reproduce?
through mitosis and meiosis
Define meiosis
a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes
Define mitosis
a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
List the phases of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
List of phases of meiosis
Interphase, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1 & cytokinesis, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2
Define growth
the increase in size od a body part or organism
Organ systems are designed to service what?
the cells
All cells depend on what to meet their needs?
organ systems
Are humans multicellular or unicellular?
multicellular
What does the human body need to survive?
nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Define nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
What are minerals and vitamins used for?
chemical reactions and structural purposes
What is oxygen essential for?
the release of energy from foods
Why is water in our body important?
it provides an environment needed for chemical reactions and acts as a fluid base for secretions and excretions
Below or above what temperature are chemical reactions affected in the body?
37 C (98.6 F)
What is specific air pressure needed for?
adequate breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
Define homeostasis
the maintenance of internal conditions despite environmental changes
Define variable
a factor that needs to be regulated
Define receptor
a sensor that monitors the environment and sends information to the control center
Define control center
determines the set point (limits) of the variable and sends the information to the effector (efferent pathway)
Define effector
executes the actions to recover the balance by reducing or enhancing the stimulus
What does imbalance in the body lead to?
increased risk of disease and contributes to aging
Define efferent pathway
carry signals away from the central nervous system
Define afferent pathway
takes signal from body to brain by nerves
What can histology be used for?
recognizing some pathology in tissues and therefore diseases
What can cytology be used for?
to see abnormal cells, which could be a sign of cancer, abnormal fetal development, etc
What is the complementarity of structure and function?
form (anatomy) follows function (physiology)
Give 2 examples of complementarity of structure and function
- teeth (incisors for cutting, molars for mashing)- heart valves (preventing back flow of blood)
In terms of responsiveness, what reflex prevents injury when touching a hot stove?
withdrawal reflex
What changes in our body in response to different activities?
our breathing rate
What are some examples of when our body's responsiveness can go wrong?
- diabetic neuropathy: nerve damage that can cause loss of feeling in feet- congenital insensitivity to pain: lower quality of life
Give examples of how organ systems service cells and cells depending on organ systems for their needs
The digestive system (organs) take in nutrients and distributes them to the cells via the blood.