reproduction
the process of producing offspring
asexual reproduction
one parent
sexual reproduction
two parents
budding
a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent
parthenogenesis
unfertilized birth
Fragmentation
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
Gemmules
clusters of amoebocytes encased in capsules
spawning
method of reproduction in fishes and some other animals where a large number of eggs are fertilized outside of the body
gastrula
An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
hermaphrodite
an organism that has both male and female reproductive organs
copopulation
sexual reproduction
blastula
spherical ball of cells surrounding a fluid-filled cavity
Regeneration
regrowth of lost body part and creation of new organism from lost body part
Anterior
toward the front
caudal
toward the tail
cranial
toward the head
deep
toward the interior of the body
distal
away from the point of attachment
dorsal
toward the back
frontal plane
Divides the body into front and back portions.
lateral
toward the side
median
middle
posterior
back of body
proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
sagittal
A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
superficial
closer to the surface
transverse
Divides body into upper and lower parts
ventral
Toward the belly
Fertilization
Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
external fertilization
process in which eggs are fertilized outside the female's body
zygote
fertilized egg
sperm
male gamete
egg
female gamete
cleavage
split
ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
endoderm
the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems
mesoderm
middle germ layer; develops into muscles, and much of the circulatory, reproductive, and excretory systems
plantar
bottom of foot
internal fertilization
Process in which eggs are fertilized inside the female's body
morula
solid ball of cells