element
the simplest type of matter having unique chemical properties
atom
the smallest particle of an element that has the chemical characteristics of that element.
neutrons
no charge
protons
positive charge
electrons
negative charge
nucleus
formed by protons and neutrons
ionic bonding
atoms exchange electrons
covalent bonding
two or more atoms share electron pairs
ion
an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged
cation
positively charged ion
anion
negatively charged ion
molecules
two or more atoms chemically combine
electrolytes
solutions from dissociation of cations (+) and anions (-) in water
nonelectrolytes
solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water.
energy
the capacity to do work
potential energy
energy stored in chemical bonds
catalysts
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted
enzymes
a protein catalysts that increases the rate of chemical reactions
inorganic chemistry
usually, substances that do not contain carbon
acid
a proton donor
base
a proton acceptor
Four major groups needed for living things
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
amino acids
building blocks of proteins