function of carbs
E storage, cell mem comp, intercellular communication, struct support
empirical formulasmallest sugar
CH2O3 C (triose)
classifications of carbs
monosacc: simple/reducingdisacc: form via glycosidic bondsoligosacc: 3-10 subunitspolysacc: 10+ to 100 subunits (indigestible)
how do sugars go from linear to cyclic
C5 binds to C1
fructose: linear to cyclic
6 C chain forms 5 member ringC#1 is sticking off of anomeric C(#2)
oral tolerance test
test for abnormal digestion AKA hormone test(high ketone in blood means high acetone in breath)
catabolic vs anabolic
break downbuild up
catabolic and anabolic rxns are regulated by ?
intracellular communication (avaialability of subst and enz activity/inactivity
ATP - 2 P gps =
cAMP
kinase vs lyase
adds P gpremoves P gp
GLUT 1-14 requires E: T/F
false
? uses E to move glucose against gradient
Na dependent glucose transporters(SGLT)
does glucokinase of hexokinase have a higher Km
glucokinase
what does adenylyl cyclase do
ATP to cAMP
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm of all tissue cells
what is req for glycolysiswhat is prod in glycolysis
2 ATP, 2 NAD+4 ATP, 2 NADH
where does gluconeogenesis occur
liver and kidneys
how many rxns in glycolysis vs gluconeogenesis
1011
how long is glycogen stores in liver for
10-18 hours
first two steps of carb dig
1: salivary amylase in mouth2: pancreatic amylase in SI
what bonds are found in glycogen vs cellulose
a1-4B1-4
how does glycogen get from the lumen to the outside
1: Na inside moves out via Na channels (this makes E)2: this E is used to move the glucose out of the lumen into the blood3: Na/K pump returns Na and K to normal
? increases when glucose gets too high in bloodthis leads to ?
insulinglycolysis
GLUT 1: Km, location
3everywhere
GLUT 2: Km, location
17liver and pancreas
GLUT 3: Km, location
1.4brain and testes
GLUT 4: Km, location, function
5muscle, fat, heartresponds to insulin signal and allows glucose back inside cell
GLUT 5: Km, location
6intestine, kidneys
glycolysis vs GNG: anabolic vs catabolic
G: CGNG: A
under aerobic conditions, how does glycolysis continue
1: pyruvate combines w lactate dehydrogenase2: pyruvate takes H from NADH to make NAD+3: prod= lactic A
hexokinase does what
adds P to keep it inside cell due to polar membrane
low Km = high or low affinity for glucose
HIGH
positive regulation of glucose
high insulinlow adenyl cyclasePFK-2 dephosp (activates)F26BP+ feedback loop
negative regulation for glucose
high conc: citrate, G6P, glucagon Hhigh adenyl cyclasecAMPprot kinase APFK-2 phosphorylated (deactivate)low F26BP- feedback loop
how is GNG regulated
opposites of glycolysis regulation