troponin and calcium bind to the myosin binding site to RELEASE
tropomyosis
when tropomyosis is released what occurs to the muscle
the muscle relaxes- releasing from contraction
m lines
horizontal- in the middle of the sarcomere
t lines
vertical lines on each side of the sarcomere or m lines
thin filaments
-composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin-horizontal lines throughout
thick filaments
-composed of myosin-in between the thin filaments -heads form cross bridges
myosin heads
-bound to ATP -doesn't move
ATP/ADP different
atp is tri and adp is di but adp is always + Pi
myosin head binds to
actin and forms a cross bridge with thin filaments
crossbridges form because
when actin and myosin join to create a muscle contraction
sarcomere
Z line to Z line, muscle contraction
binding of a new molecule of atp releases what
myosin head from actin and a new cycle begins
contraction
atp active
extension
passive
during an action potential
-calcium enters through the plasma membrane
intersexual selection
members of 1 sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits
intrasexual selection
competition between members of the same sex for mates ex. male to male face off
blood moves through my body
heart-arteries-capillaries in capillary beds-venules- veins- back to heart
blood comes out of or traveled away from the heart through
arteries
blood goes from arteries through what finger-like structure
capillaries
the blood goes from the capillaries to a
vein
blood comes towards heart through what
vein
red is what kind of blood
Oxygenated
oxygenated blood is most always in
arteries
pulmonary artery is the only case in which the blood is
NOT oxygenated
pulmonary veins are the only case in which the blood is
oxygenated
blood that the veins carry back to the heart is
not oxygenated
What does the pancreas secrete?
insulin and glucagon and protease
enzymes end with
-ase (to break down)
the functional unit of a kidney is
the nephron
keystone species
-The KEY species in an ecosystem that can not be taken out-stong control over ecological structure
Sustainable development examples
Solar panels, windmills, more sustainable materials (not using wood), bags made of recycled materials
mutualism (+/+)
-If both species are benefitting-Ex. When a bee pollinates a flower and then takes the pollen to make honey
competition (-/-)
-If both species are not benefitting-Ex. 2 animals sharing food but neither wins out
parasite (+/-)
-If one benefits and the other is hurt-Ex. a tick sucking blood on a human
commensalism (+/0)
-One is benefiting the other doesn't matter-Ex. When an animal sticks to another animal to be dragged around but the other animal doesn't mind
All the ecosystem's energy comes from the
Sun
Climate is composed of four major physical components:
temperature, precipitation (rain/snow), sunlight, and wind
Where is the sun's energy the highest as it hits Earth? What does that mean?
-equator-the angle of which the sun hits at everywhere else is lower
dessert air conditions
•Dry air descending at 30° north and south latitudes absorbs moisture from the land,
Climate determines
vegetation type and limits the distribution of terrestrial biomes
Major features of terrestrial biomes
global distribution, mean annual temperature and precipitation, and the dominant plants and animals
thermocline
temperature boundary that separates the warm upper layer from the cold deeper water
Biotic factors
Living factors:-Predation -Herbivory -Mutualism -Parasitism -Competition
Abiotic factors
nonliving components or environment:-Temperature -Water -Oxygen -Salinity -Sunlight -Rocks and soil
•Density
the number of individuals per unit area or volume
Dispersion
pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population
Demography
study of the births, deaths, and migration rates of a population over time
survivorship curve
graphic way of representing the survival rate data in a life table
life table
an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
•Carrying capacity
maximum population size a particular environment can support given its abundance of limiting resources
Density-dependent population regulation can be caused by:
-competition for resources -disease -territoriality -intrinsic factors(physiological factors) such as hormonal changes appear to regulate population size in some species
Population dynamics
complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size
metapopulation
groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration
Niche
An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.
Resource partitioning allows
coexistence and resource sharing
Ecological niches are influenced by
-natural selection and competition
What are the two types of niches
fundamental and realized
fundamental niche vs realized niche
-Fundamental= all possible niches with no limiting factors -Realized= With competitor present...actual niche
Species diversity
The number and relative abundance of species in a biological community.
Species richness
the number of different species in a community
relative abundance
the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
foundation species
Cause physical changes in environment that affect community structure.
ecological succession
gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance
primary succession
succession that begins in an area with no remnants of an older community
secondary succession
Succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil
e first law of thermodynamics
energy can not be created or destroyed
second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
law of conservation of mass
matter cannot be created or destroyed
Organic compounds are transferred to
heterotrophs as food
Inorganic elements are released through
metabolism and decomposition
most common limiting nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems
nitrogen and phosphorus
burning of fossil fuels and wood increases the amount of what in the atmosphere
carbon
Biodiversity can be considered at three main levels
genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity
Most species loss can be traced to four major threats
-Habitat loss -Introduced species -Overharvesting -Global change
Minimum viable population (MVP)
The smallest population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive.
biodiversity hot spot
A relatively small area with numerous endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species.
Three types of environmental change that threaten biodiversity
-Nutrient enrichment -Accumulation of toxins -Climate change