Class A airspace limitations, visibility, and cloud clearances
18,000 MSL - 60,000 MSL. Since Class A airspace is normally restricted to instrument flight only, there are no minimum visibility requirements.
Class B airspace limitations, visibility, cloud clearances, and sectional depictions
Most stringent with rules. Must have ATC clearance to enter, at least a PPL, Mode C transponder (within 30nm) 3SM visibility, and clear of clouds. Upper Limit usually 10,000. Indicated by BOLD blue line on sectionals.
Class C airspace, limitations, visibility, and cloud clearances
Upper limit usually 4000 AGL. Core radius 5nm, upper shelf radius 10nm. A procedural Outer Area (not to be confused with the shelf area) has a radius of 20 nautical miles. Must have ATC clearance to enter, Mode C transponder. 3SM vis and 500 below, 1000 a
Class D airspace limitations, visibility, and cloud clearances
Surface to 2500. 4NM radius. Must have ATC clearance but no transponder required. 3SM vis, 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 away. Indicated by SEGMENTED blue line on sectionals.
Class E airspace limitations, visibility, and cloud clearances
Controlled airspace which is neither Class A, B, C nor D. 1,200 AGL to 17,999 MSL. Below 10,000 MSL: 3SM vis, 500 below, 1000 above, 2000 away. Above 10,000 MSL: 5SM, 1000 below, 1000 above, 1SM away.
When E starts at 1200 AGL: shaded blue line
When E sta
Class G airspace limitations, visibility, and cloud clearances
Radio communication is not required in Class G airspace, even for IFR operations. Class G is completely uncontrolled. Typically the airspace very near the ground (1200 feet or less), beneath Class E airspace.
Name two situations which require the use of a short-field takeoff and climb.
When the runway is less than the recommended ground run for a normal takeoff or when your plane can't clear the 50ft obstacle when using a normal takeoff and climb
During short field practice sessions, it is assumed that you must clear an obstacle which is how many feet in height?
50ft
True/False. You should use the best rate-of-climb (Vy) speed to clear obstacles at the departure end of the runway during a short-field takeoff.
False
Why should you hold the brakes until you achieve full power prior to beginning the takeoff roll in short-field takeoffs?
To let the engine achieve full rotation so you can start at a faster speed and therefore takeoff faster wince you aren't wasting runway getting the speed up
Why should you avoid raising the nose prior to the recommended liftoff speed during a short field takeoff?
1. because it creates drag and could require a greater takeoff roll...not good for a short field
2. because at slow speeds you could stall the plane
In what situations would executing a short field approach and landing be necessary?
When you come in too high, or when the runway is short, or when an approach must be made over obstacles
Is the decent angle for a short-field approach steeper, shallower, or the same as that flown for a normal approach to a landing?
steeper
What is the purpose of extending full flaps when executing a short-field approach?
To slow your speed and allow for a steeper approach
True/False. While executing a short-field landing, you should reduce power to idle in the flare and allow the airplane to touch down in a full stall condition.
True.
What can occur if you maintain an excessive amount of airspeed during the short-field approach and landing?
The airplane may touch down too far beyond the runway threshold or the roll-out may exceed the available landing area
What is the objective of a soft-field takeoff?
To keep the nose-wheel off the ground in order to avoid its either catching on anything sticking up or going into a whole and causing damage to the plane or to flip. Also, to transfer the weight of the airplane from the landing gear to the wings as quickl
What is the definition of a soft-field?
A runway that is not a hard-surface such as asphalt or concrete. By definition "any surface that retards takeoff roll speed
True/False. The soft-field procedure begins during the taxi phase.
True
What can occur if you do not release some back pressure while accelerating during the takeoff roll?
You could go into excessive nose-up attitude and you could either stall upon takeoff or can cause the tail to come into contact with the ground
Since liftoff normally occurs at a speed below the safe climb speed, what action should you take before starting a climb?
Allow the plane to accelerate using ground effect to reach Vx
What is the objective of a soft-field landing?
To keep the weight of the plane off of the nose-gear for as long as possible to avoid any damage or catching of the wheel on a non-flat part of the surface
Why is the extension of flaps normally recommended for a soft-field approach and landing?
To allow for a slower approach
When executing a soft-field landing, why should you hold the airplane 1-2 feet above the runway as long as possible
To allow the weight of the airplane to transfer from the wings to the landing gear as slowly as possible
True/False. During a soft-field landing, you should lower the nosewheel to the surface as quickly as possible.
False.
What is the correct procedure for the roll-out after a soft-field landing?
Maintain back pressure on the yoke and increase power slightly, if necessary
Define: fixation
A human inclination to observe a specific instrument carefully and accurately, often to the exclusion of other instruments.
What instrument replaces the natural horizon during instrument flying?
The attitude indicator!
True/False. The attitude indicator provides all necessary info for flight during instrument conditions
false
True/False. A tight grip on the yoke ensures smooth and precise attitude control
false
During a constant airspeed climb, what action should you take to counteract the effect of p-factor?
apply right rudder
During a constant airspeed descent, how should you correct for airspeed deviations?
adjusting pitch as necessary
Typically, at what altitude would you begin your level-off if your target altitude is 2,000 feet and your rate of descent is 500ft/min
2050 ft. Approx 50 ft prior to the desired altitude, begin the level off by simultaneously adding power and raising the nose to place the miniature airplane of the attitude indicator on the horizon bar. **Another trick is the 10% rule. If your rate of des
What is the approximate angle of bank which will result in a standard rate turn for an airspeed of 100 knots?
Divide airspeed by 10, then add 1/2 of the result. So, 15 degrees would be the appropriate angle of bank in this scenario
What instrument should be referenced to to confirm and maintain a standard rate turn
Turning coordinator
What is the first step in recovering from a nose-high unusual attitude?
Applying forward pressure on the yoke to force the nose down, in order to avoid stalling. Add power simultaneously
When recovering from a nose-low unusual attitude, what is the first step and why?
The first step is to level the wings in order to avoid entering a spin/increased load factor
True/False. when checking the airplane system you normally should leave the lights on only long enough to check for proper operation
True -
In addition to calling our "CLEAR!", what other precaution can you take when starting the airplane's engine at night?
Turning on the position, anticollision, and other lights
Why is it important to taxi slower at night than during the day?
Because your landing light used for lighting the ground is not easily detected from the side by other planes. So they encourage you to exercise caution because you might not be as easily seen
How can you compensate for diminished outside visual reference during a night takeoff and climbout?
Pay attention to the turn coordinator and the attitude indicator to make sure you are climbing with level wings and at an appropriate attitude.
During a night flight, what should you do if you inadvertently fly into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)?
Calmly, but immediately, use your instruments to perform a 180 degree turn out of the weather conditions
What should you use to ensure that all steps are completed when performing a preflight inspection?
A checklist
What documents are required on board the airplane?
Airworthiness, Registration, Owner's manual, Weight and balance
How can you tell when water is present in a fuel sample?
The water beads up at the bottom of the bottle when you sump the fuel out of the wings
True/False. Nicks on the propeller can cause excessive stress and should be checked by a certified mechanic.
True
What documents are not required to be on board the airplane?
Airworthiness Directives, maintenance records
What other maneuver does the rectangular course simulate?
It simulates turns around a point, and ultimately the traffic pattern
True/False. When you select an area to perform a rectangular course, you should also select an emergency lading field which is within gliding distance.
True
What is the max angle of bank you should use when performing a rectangular course?
45 degrees
When should you begin your turn from the downwind leg to the crosswind leg?
Abeam the crosswind leg of the course