Affricate
A consonant characterized as having both a fricative and a stop manner of production, e.g. t? (ch) and d? (j)
Bunched
one method of /r/ production in which the tongue apex is lowered as the tongue blade is raised to form one constriction with the palate, while the tongue root forms a second pharyngeal constriction
Cognate
Phonemes that differ only in voicing e.g. /t/ & /d/
Formant
a resonant frequency of the vocal tract
Fricative
a consonant produced by forcing the breath stream through a narrow channel formed by two separate articulators in the vocal tract.
Glide
A consonant characterized by continued gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel; also referred to as a semi-vowel' e.g /j/ & /w/
Glottal Stop
an allophonic variation of /t/ or /d/, produced when the release of the stop is at the level of the vocal folds instead of in the oral cavity i.e ?
Homorganic
two consonants sharing the same place of articulation, e.g. "t"ime "n"eck
Intervocalic
consonant between 2 vowels e.g. a"b"ove
Intraoral Pressure
air pressure within the oral cavity created by a constriction of articulators during the production of stop consonants-results in expulsion of audible noise burst
Lateral
A manner of production in which the air stream is directed over the sides of the tongue' e.g /l/
Liquid
A generic label used to classify two English approximant consonants e.g /r/ & /l/
Manner of Articulation
how the airstream is modified as it passes through the vocal tract in the production of consonants; English manners of articulation include stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, glide & liquid
Nasal
A consonant produced with complete closure in the oral cavity along with a lowered velum to allow airflow through the nasal cavity.
Nasal Plosion
The release of a stop consonant through the nasal cavity as opposed to the oral cavity. e.g. /s?dn/ (sudden)
Nonresonant
Class of sounds characterized by noise source that originates at a constriction in the vocal tract as air flows through the supralaryngeal system; the nonresonant consonants include the stops, fricatives and affricates.
Nucleus
The part of a syllable with the greatest acoustic energy usually but not always a vowel.
Obstruent
A class of sound (with a noise source) including the stops, fricatives and affricates; also referred to as nonresonant consonats
Place of Articulation
refers to the specific articulators employed in the production of a particular phoneme; the location of the constriction in the vocal tract in production of a consonant
Postvocalic
consonant after a vowel in any syllable; e.g. a"t
Prevocalic
consonant preceding a vowel in any syllable; e.g. "m"e
resonant
A class of sound produced with a resonance throughout the entire vocal tract; e.g. the nasals, glides, and liquids
retroflex
One method of /r/ production in which the tongue tip is raised and curled back toward the aveolar ridge as the back of the tongue creates a second velar constriction; see "bunched
Sibilant
The aveolar and palatal fricatives /s, z, ?, ?/
Stop (Plosive)
Consonant characterized by 1) complete obstruction of the outgoing airstream by the articulators 2) build-up of intra-oral air pressure 3) a release
Tap (Flap)
A manner of consonant production involving a rapid movement of the tongue tip against the aveolar ridge resulting in the creation of a very brief phoneme. i.e /?/
Voiced
A sound produced with vocal fold vibration
Voiceless
A sound produced without vocal fold vibration
Approximant
A consonant, such as a glide or liquid, produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract, less than that associated with the obstruents or nasals but greater than that associated with the vowels.
Bilabial
upper and lower lips
Labiodental
lower lip and upper central incisors with contact being at the back of the lower lip, not directly on it
Interdental
tongue apex moving towards space between upper and lower teeth
Alveolar
tongue blade and alveolar ridge
Palatal
tongue blade and hard palate
Velar
tongue back and soft palate or velum
Glottal
space between the vocal cords
Places of Articultion
Bilabial, Labiodental, Interdental, Aveolar, Palatal, Velar & Glottal
Consonant Active Articulators
tongue, lips, jaw, velum
Consonant Passive Articulators
teeth, hard palate
Stop consonants
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/, ?
Fricatives consonants
/f/, /v/, /?/, /�/, /s/, /z/, /?/, /?/, /h/
Affricate consonants
/t?/, /d?/
Nasals consonants
/m/, /n/, /?/
Glide consonants
/w/, /j/
Liquid consonants
/l/, /r/
Bilabial consonants
/p/, /b/, /m/, /w/
Labiodental consonants
/f/, /v/
Interdental consonants
/?/, /�/
Aveolar consonants
/t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/
Palatal consonants
/?/, /?/, /t?/, /d?/, /j/, /r/
Velar
/k/, /g/, /?/, /w/
Glottal
/?/, /h/
Voiceless phonemes
/p/, /f/, /?/, /t/, /s/, /?/, /t?/, /k/, /?/, /h/
Voiced phonemes
/b/, /m/, w/, /v, /�/, /d/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /?/, /d?/, /j/, /r/, /g/, /?/, /w/
/p/
voiceless bilabial stop i.e. Played, Appear, Spite
/b/
voiceless bilabial stop i.e Breeze, Stubborn, Club
/t/
voiceless aveolar stop i.e. Taste, Attack, Stick
/d/
voiced aveolar stop i.e. Dunce, Address, Door
/k/
voiceless velar stop i.e. Cotton, Wreck, Squirt, Queue, Clique
/g/
voiced velar stop i.e. Ghandi, Gold, Lagger, Aggressive
/?/
voiceless glottal stop i.e. Fountain, Written, Bitten, Fatten, Rotten
/m/
voiced bilabial nasal i.e. Mark, Slam, Maybe
/n/
voiced aveolar nasal i.e. Note, Nail, Tunes
/?/
voiced velar naval i.e Ring, Finger, Stinky, Larynx, Wrinkle
/f/
voiceless labiodental fricative i.e. Free, Foam, Phobia
/v/
voiced labiodental fricative i.e. Veal, Love, Over
/?/
voiceless interdental fricative i.e. Thermal, Thought, Breath, Ether
/�/
voiced interdental fricative i.e. Bathe, Either, Wither, Thy
/s/
voiceless aveolar fricative i.e. Sew, Awesome, Centaur
/z/
voiceless aveolar fricative i.e. Zenith, Xylophone, Pays
/?/
voiceless palatal fricative i.e. Shook, Sure, Omniscient
/?/
voiced palatal fricative i.e. Fusion, Casual, Regime, Erosion
/h/
voiceless glottal fricative i.e. Hook, Helium, Whose, Ahead
/t?/
voiceless palatal affricate i.e. Check, Righteous, Wretched, Nature
/d?/
voiced palatal affricate i.e. Badger, Refrigerate, Generous
/j/
voiced palatal glide i.e. Young, Fewer, Onion, Cured
/w/
voiced labiovelar glide i.e. Quick, Penguin, Quartz, Square
/r/
voiced palatal liquid i.e. Stress, Brown, Their
/l/
voiced aveolar liquid i.e. Lawn, Mulch, Allure, Pistol