What is communication?
Means by which individuals relate their thoughts, needs, wants, feelings, ideas, knowledge, and experiences to others. It always involves a sender and receiver.
Forms of communication include...
Speech, sign language, facial expressions, gestures, and writing.
Continuum
Whole range of difficulty
Van Riper definition
Calls... attention to itself and/or
Interferes... with communication
causes.. distress(to either the sender or the receiver)
ex. person standing behind in Target
Primary areas of communication disorders
Speech, Language, Neurological, Fluency, Voice, Hearing
Other areas of communication Disorders
Cognative communication disorders, AAC, Dysphagia(swallowing), communication enhancement
What do speech-language pathologist do?
Identify, evaluate, diagnose, treat, educate,
What do audiologists do?
evaluate hearing loss, assess the benefits of amplification, provide rehab to maximize hearing ability, dispense hearing aids, screen infant's hearings, test balance disorders
What does it take to be an SLP or AUD?
Master's degree for SLP, Clinical Doctorate for Audiology, NESPA exam, CFY
What is state licensure?
State licensure, different from CCC, state of MI requires it
What is receptive language?
what a child understands of what is said
What is expressive language?
what a child says verbally
Behaviorists believe that language is learned in which way?
imitation, reinforcement, successive approximation
What is operant conditioning?
a learning model in which a desired behavior is reinforced immediately after it spontaneously occurs
What is parentese
the ways parents and caregivers talk to infants
The psycholinguistic model proposes that language is learned in which way?
Language is innate
How many stages of speech development are there?
four
What is the neonatal period?
the first 28 days after birth
At three months of age, what speech sounds can infants discriminate?
consonants and vowels, place of articulations of consonants, manner of articulation
Which of the following is an examples of babbling?
a consonant and a vowel in the same syllable
How do infants respond to the speech of adults?
They respond more to intonation than to the words
At what age does babbling develop?
6-8 months
When do children typically produce their first word?
12 months
How many words can typically produce by 18 months?
50
At what age do children typically speak in three-to-four-word sentences?
36 months
Cognitive-linguistic development can be divided into how many sentences?
4
What are the primary sensory systems in the first months of the life?
vision, hearing, taste, and smell
When infants realize that objects continue to exist even if they cannot be seen, which cognitive skill have infants developed?
Object permanence
What types of items are most common in a child's first 50 word vocabulary?
General Nouns
What does MLU mean
Mean length of utterance
MLU is a language measure that describes
average number of morpheme in a child's individual utterance
Code switching is common in children't speech up until what age?
three and a half years
What is the average size of vocabulary for a two-year-old?
300 words
What is the vocabulary size of the average high school graduate?
80,000 words
What is contextualized language?
Language that refers to the present place and time
Articulation and phonological disorders are the most common communication disorders of children, True or false?
true
True or false? Baby teeth typically begin to erupt pewee 6 to 9 months of age.
true
True or false? There is a strong relationship between dentition and speech articulation.
False
True or false? According to ASHA, no dialect of American English is a disorder.
true
True or false? For most children with speech disorders, we can determine a single factor as the cause of the problem.
False
What is intelligibility?
The degree of clarity with which your speech is understood by the average listener
Consonant sounds are articulated by
stopping the outgoing air and by having a narrow restriction of the outgoing air
Vowels are articulate by
having no restriction of the outgoing air
all baby teeth have typically erupted by what age?
18-24 months
IPA is an acronym for
International Phonetic Alphabet
A phoneme is defined as:
the smallest unit of speech sound that is distinct from other speech sounds in a language
A diphthong is
a combination of two vowels
Speech sounds are typically described using three parameters
Place, Manner, Voice
Which of the following is a fricative?
/s/
Which of the following is a nasal?
/n/
Which sound is a bilabial?
/p/
Dewey's analysis of the relative frequency of occurrence of consonants indicates which place of articulation is the most frequent?
Alveolar
Approximately what percentage of children fall within the typical range for speech and language development?
70%
Articulations and phonological disorders occur in what percentage of preschool children?
10-15%
Of children in k-12 grades with articulation and phonological disorder, how man are male?
two-thirds
at what age do children typically acquire articulation skills similar to adults?
4 years
Articulation therapy focuses on
the mechanics of producing speech sounds
Phonology is the study of
The sound system of a language and the rules governing sound combinations
Which of the following is a minimal pair?
Me/meet
What does CCC stand for?
Certificate of Clinical Competence
ASHA definition
An impairment in... the ability to receive, send, process, or comprehend concepts or symbols(verbal or non-verbal)
May be evident in... one's hearing, speech or language