the field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parents to offspring
Genetics
the transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
Heredity
genetically determined variant of a characteristic
Trait
occurs when pollen grains produced in the anthers, are transferred to the stigma
Pollination
occurs when pollen is transferred from the anthers of a flower to the stigma of either that flower of another flower on the same plant
Self-Pollination
occurs between flowers of two plants
Cross-Pollination
a pure trait that always produces offspring with that trait when they self-pollinante
True-Breeding
true breeding parents
P Generation
the first filial generation of the offspring of the P generation
F1 Generation
the self-pollinated plants of the F1 Generation, the second filial generation
F2 Generation
when an allele that is fully expressed when the allele is present in an individual
Dominant
when an allele that is expressed only when no dominant allele is present in an individual
Recessive
Mendel's law that states the pair of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosomes from each pair is present in each gamete
Law of Segregation
the law that states that genes separate independently of one another in meiosis
Law of Independent Assortment
the study of the structure and function of chromosomes and genes
Molecular Genetics
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene
Allele
an organism's genetic makeup that consist of alleles that the organism inherits from its parent
Genotype
an organism's appearance
Phenotype
when both alleles of a pair are alike
Homozygous
when the two alleles in the pair are different
Heterozygous
the likelihood that a specific event will occur
Probability
a cross in which only one characteristic is tracked
Monohybrid Cross
diagram used to predict the results of a genetic cross
Punnett Square
the ratio of the genotypes that appear in offspring
Genotypic Ratio
the ratio of the offspring's phenotypes
Phenotypic Ratio
the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype
Test Cross
a relationship in which one allele was completely dominant over another
Complete Dominance
a relationship in which a allele is intermediate between the phenotype and the two parents because the dominant allele is unable to be fully expressed
Incomplete Dominance
occurs when both alleles for a gene are fully expressed in a heterozygous offspring
Codominance
a cross in which two characteristics are tracked
Dihybrid Cross