Identify environmental factors that can effect cell
1. Temperature
2. PH
3. Salt Concentration
4. Detergent (denature)
5. Soluble molecules ( sugar, Oxygen, ions which relate to salt, gaas, carbon)
How does the environmental factors affect cell
They control what goes in and what of the cell. the metabolism structure
The effect the structure and function of the biological macromolecules: (proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and lipids)
Temperature
How: When increase it denatures the biological macromolecules, breaks the H-bonds, When temperature decreases, the molecules slows down and do not function faster as they were suppose to function
Why: Because the biological macromolecules have a set tempe
Polymeric molecules
form from chains of chemical subunits linked end to end and allow cells to grow, develop, and reproduce and do all the characteristics necessary for life. Cells deploy because they want to make sure that the chemical reaction occurs at the proper place an
Van der Waals force
weak attractive forces between adjacent molecules due to transient fluxuations in electrical charge. They strength and stabilize hydrophobic interactions but do not intiate them
Name six atoms commonly found in biological molecule. Of these six, which two are strongly electronegative?
O,N, C,H, P, S
Oxygen and Nitrogen are the most strongly electronegative
Explain ho electronegativity affects the formation of chemical bonds
electronegativity is a measure of an atom's tendency to attract electrons. the more electronegative the species, the stronger is its attraction of electrons. It affects the formation of chemical bonds by allowing the atom that has a higher electronegativi
What does hydrophilic and hydrophobic mean
water loving; does not like water
How does the composition of a hydrophilic molecule differ from a hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic molecules associate with water.
Hydrophobic do not associate with water. (draw pictures)
Identify the types of non-covalent bonds or molecular interactions that the various functional groups can form
Polar covalent bonds
Non-polar covalent bands
Hydrogen bonds
Van der waals force
Identify the types of bonds that are most sensitive to change in the following conditions:
Rise in temperature= H-bonds
Rise in PH= ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
Decrease in salt concentration= ionic bonds and hydrogen bonds
Introduction an organic solvent= hydrogen bond
Living organisms contain a distinctive and restricted set of small carbon-based molecules that are essential the same for every living species. The main categories are
sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and nucleotides
sugars are
primary source of chemical energy for cells and can be incorporated into polysaccharides for energy storage
The vast majority of the dry mass of a cell consist of macromolecules, formed as polymers of
of sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides
Nucleotides
play a central part in energy transfer and are the subunits from which the informational macromolecules, RNA, and DNA are made
Describe the similarities and differences between Van der waals attractive and hydrogen bonds
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Identify a simple sugar by its structure
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Identify the type of bond that links monosaccharides together to form oligosaccharides
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Explain why the structues generated by the polymerization of monosaccharides are more complex than the structure generated by the polymerization of amino acids or nucleotides
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Describe the various functions that sugars perform in a cell or organism
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Explain how glycogen. starch, and cellulose (three polymers glucose) differ structurally and functionally
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Recognize prefixes and suffizes that are used to name or identify sugars or the enzymes that react
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Explain how changes in environmental conditions (temperature, PH, salt concentration) can affect sugars and their functions
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Explain why it has been much difficult to study the structure of complex sugars (oligosaccharides) than to study the structures of proteins
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Review the structure of cellulose and then explain why the monosaccharide glucose is hydrophilic and is easily soluble in water in cellulose, a polymer of glucose, is not soluble in water
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Explain why glycogen is an useful energy storage molecule for many animals but cellulose is not--even through both molecules are polymers of glucose
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