imperialism
extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
globalization
tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen
centering women as subjects of study
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androcentrism
putting men at the center and relegating women to outsiders in society
trans
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womens movement
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the personal is political
phrase to explain how things taken personally have broader social, political, and economic causes and consequences
patriarchy
a system where men and masculine bodies dominate because power and authority are in the hands of adult men
intersectionality
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first wave
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second wave and third wave feminist activity and their associated social movement activity and legal changes
equal pay act of 1963
definitions of feminism
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feminist theoretical perspectives (liberal feminism, radical [or cultural/difference] feminism, lesbian feminism, ecofeminism, Marxist feminism, socialist feminism, global feminism, transnational feminism, third wave, queer theory)
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postfeminism
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postmodernism
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Define WGS as a discipline. What might its objectives look like?
WGS is an economic field concerning women, gender, and feminism. WGS objectives revolve around the academic aspects of gender and its effect on society and also focus on social change and advocacy
Explain the politics of the movement from women's studies to women's and gender studies. Why might the "women" still need to be retained?
Due to development of the WS field with more emphasis on intersectionality, a transition from WS to WGS was made in order to account for the fact that the categories 'men' and 'women' were more fluid than most people thought. 'Women' has remained in the t
What came out of the Seneca Falls Convention?
Declaration of Setiments
Explain in your own words what it means to put women on center as subjects of study. This has involved two strategies resulting in changes on college campuses. What are these strategies and their consequences?
Because curriculum was completely centered around men, education was extremely unbalanced. The goals of Women's Studies programs was to create classes that were focused on women in general. The first strategy was re-balancing the curriculum. The second st
Be able to explain the founding of women's studies and understand its relationship to androcentrism in higher education. What is the relationship between women's studies and the women's movement? What is "mainstreaming"?
First Women's Studies class at SDSU in 1970; wanted to shift away from curriculum focused only on the accomplishments of man. Women's studies helped bring movement to the 'second wave' of the women's movement, and as a result, huge challenges to social ch
What does it mean to say that women's studies in its early years "lacked inclusivity"? How did Black women's studies come about?
Many people critiqued the women's studies b/c of lack of info regarding race. Because of these critiques, Black Womens studies came about and encouraged intersectionality
What is meant by intersectionality and how is it continuing to shape the discipline?
Intersectionality is the diversity people must keep in mind when discussing privilege and feminism.
Continues to shape the discipline by expanding the horizons in which social change can effect.
Overview the legal changes associated with the women's movement of the 1960s and 1970s and their consequences for women's lives today.
Equal Pay Act of 1963, Title VII of 1964 that forbade workplace discrimination, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) in 1965 to enforce antidiscrimination laws (not enforced until 72), Affirmative Action in 1961 and extended to women in 67, Titl
Most early women's rights activity had its roots in what social movement? Be able to name early women's rights activists. What did Mary Wollstonecraft write, when did she write it, and why was it important?
Suffrage! Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, Sojourner Truth, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, Henry Blackwell, Frederick Douglass, and Harriet Tubman. A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792) by Wollstonecraft is first demand for women
What important event for women's rights history happened in 1848 and what came out of it? Who authored this important document? What was NAWSA, what did it stand for, and what organization did it evolve into?
Seneca Falls Convention! "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" authored by Elizabeth Cady Stanton- wording influenced by Dec. of Indep. Influenced womens rights movements everywhere, including NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association) in
When did women get the vote and what amendment was it? Discuss the racism implicit in the first wave women's movement.
The 19th Amendment was ratified in August of 1920 and prohibits any US citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex
White women were primarily involved and didn't include women of color in their pursuits
Define the following terms: androcentrism, gender, misogyny, interdisciplinary, and patriarchy. Why has integration of WSG knowledge been slower in the biological and physical sciences?
Patriarchy: Men and masculine bodies dominate because power and authority are in the hands of adult men.
Gender: refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that society considers appropriate
Misogyny: dislike of, conte
What is meant by the term "the personal is political"? How might this term have implications for men's education about women's rights?
This means that things taken personally by women have broader social, political, and economic causes and consequences. This phrase encouraged people to 'practice what they preach', and as a result
Men were more reached by this outlook because it humanized
Define social movement. Define feminism. What are two crucial aspects of any definition of feminism?
Feminism: a social movement focused on the economic, political, educational, social and cultural equality of the sexes.
Know the different kinds of feminism (liberal, radical, lesbian, ecofeminist, socialist, Marxist, multiracial, postmodern, third wave, queer, transnational) and be able to compare them generally to each other.
Liberal: believe in viability of the current system, want to work within that system to create change (want to have a piece of the pie)
Radical: believe that we must change the system completely and build it up from the bottom again
Lesbian: go completely
What are the origins of third wave feminism and what forces shape it?
third wave feminism takes the ideals of second wave feminism and molds it to include women of varying color, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds.
Explain how the strategies for change are different for liberal as opposed to radical feminism.
Liberal feminism aims to improve the status of women within the current social order, radical feminism strives for a new social order entirely.
What is meant by global or transnational feminism and why is it important today? Explain how and why explanations for women's equality and strategies for change might differ between the global north and south.
Feminism is not just a US movement
Transnational feminism is "the movement for the social, political, and economic equality of women across boundaries"
Educates about the "universal sisterhood
which ignores differences between women and insists on coming
What important conference occurred in 1995 that illustrated the power of transnational feminism? What is CEDAW? Why has the U.S. not yet ratified CEDAW?
Convention on the Eliminination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by UN in 1979, ratified by by 186 countries (US is not one of them over concerns about adhering to other nations as opposed to American sovereignity)
Discuss the problems associated with claiming a "universal sisterhood.
Not all women are experiencing the same problems as others because each person has varying levels of privilege. A universal sisterhood implies that all women suffer from and can benefit from the same issues and solutions.
What is feminist backlash? Why are groups involved in backlash against feminism? What is this perspective called? Be able to name some women resistant to the core principles of feminism. What term resulted from their work?
feminist backlash: when people fight against feminism and criticize it
Phillis Shaefly who opposed the ERA could be an example of feminist backlash
What were the results of the 2009 poll on feminism? How does using the term "feminism" tend to affect poll results? Why?
77% said they had more opportunities than their mother, 82% said thier status was increased compared to 25 years ago, and 69% declared the women's movement had improved thier lives (80% ages 36-44). 24% agreed as identifying as feminist (22% considered it
The text discusses five ways that feminism has been discredited. What are these? Be able to counter these myth.
(1) Feminists are angry, whiny women who have an axe to grind, who have no sense of humor, and who exaggerate discrimination against women;
most feminists would patiently without resentment
feminists don't exagerate injustices they experience
why does wom
CHAPTER 2
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What does it mean to say that humans are marked by difference? In what kinds of ways are women different from each other?
Humans are always marked by difference because of the varying conditions among different cultures and societies with different values and expectations
What is the meant by the mythical norm? What are potential consequences of normalizing the mythical norm?
mythical norm: white, middle class, heterosexual, able-bodied, thin, young adult
What does it mean to universalize the category "woman"? What does homogeneity mean?
That everyone who is part of the gender category "women" have shared experiences. This assumes some type of sameness
Define colonialism and imperialism and understand the ways these practices affect women's status worldwide.
colonialism: the building and maintenance of colonies in one region by people from another
imperialism: economic, political, and cultural domination over nations/communities
Explain what it means to rank differences and discuss how hierarchies occur.
Some identities intersect, but they also are ranked, meaning some are seen as better than others in society. The higher ranked ones are given more privilege (e.g. masculine, thin, higher social class, etc.)
What does confluence mean and what does this have to do with identity? Explain in your own words what it means to have multiple identities?
confluence: the merging of two or more identities.
Having multiple identities is part of intersectionality. Some may be privileged and others may be marginalized/disadvantaged.
Define and name societal institutions and explain how they function - i.e. through what practices?
family, marriage, economy, government, criminal justice system, religion, education, science, health/medicine, mass media, military, sports
Discuss the 3 specific ways that societal institutions support systems of privilege and inequality and be able to give examples.
1) institutions assign various roles to women and men and are also places of employment where people perform gendered work
2) institutions distribute resources and extend privileges differently to different groups (e.g. sports, men's sports more highly va
Explain the ways members of target groups may come to believe in their own subordination and keep others in line.
People can internalize prejudices and stereotypes, leading them to believe they are not worthy of social justice. We all begin to police ourselves. Through horizontal hostility, people may direct their frustration towards those who are equal or of lesser
What are hate crimes, which groups in particular tend to perpetuate them, and how do they support inequality in society?
ways power produces regimes of truth, difference and normalcy to regulate people's lives.
We are expected to act a certain way in society and if we deviate from that, hate crimes are sometimes used to keep us in line (supporting the inequality in society)
CHAPTER 3
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What is the distinction between sex and gender? Explain the complexity of this distinction. Understand the concepts gender assignment, gender identity, and gender expression.
sex = biological fact
gender - societal interpretation of that fact
gender assignment: usually given to us at birth; determined by physical body
gender identity: how we feel internally about our gender
gender expression: how we perform and express gender
What does intersex mean and how have societies tended to respond to this gender ambiguity?
intersex = ambiguous genitalia or combination between male and female
societies tend to assign a gender early on when person is a baby
Define the terms transgender and androgyny and explain their differences. What does genderqueer mean? What is cisgender?
transgender: people who claim a gender identity that is different than the one they were assigned at birth
androgyny: combination of masculine and feminine qualities
genderqueer: nonconforming to existing constructions and identities
cisgender: gender ide
What does it mean to say gender is a "performance"? Explain what it means to say that gender performance is more than a voluntary act.
people perform gender based on how they express it to the world (e.g. type of clothes to wear, mannerisms, body and facial expressions, hair styles)
If masculinity is associated with the planet Mars, what planet is associated with femininity? What does that teach us about gender?
femininity = Venus, the goddess of love
Understand the socially constructed traits of "masculinity" and "femininity," including the research by David and Brannon. Why are these terms in quotation marks?
1) "no sissy stuff"; the rejection of feminity
2) the "big wheel"; ambition and the pursuit of success, fame, and wealth
3) the "sturdy oak"; confidence, competence, stoicism, and toughness
4) "give 'em hell"; the machismo element
Explain the two types of gender ranking and be able to give examples.
gender ranking: the valuing of one gender over another
examples: Jewish women are materialistic and overbearing where Jewish men are very ambitious, thrift, good at business
Native American women are silent and overworked, Native American men are close to
CHAPTER 4
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Why do women often experience their bodies as sources of despair rather than empowerment? What societal institutions are involved in this?
Ideal bodies are portrayed by media, movies, magazines, etc and many women and men feel like they have to look a certain way to be powerful, successful, beautiful etc?
What does it mean to say the body is a site of identity and self-expression and how is this related to postmodern disruptions of binary notions of gender and more multiple and less fixed understandings of gender identity?
The way you dress, hold yourself, etc is a good way to show the world who you are and how your feeling. This is important because this idea makes it easy for people of all genders to express the way that they want to identify themselves as. But this is al
Explain the association of women and nature using the example of menstruation. What does biological determinism mean?
Regardless of gender or societal influence, it is a biological inevitability that most people of the female sex menstruate during the time between puberty and menopause. This shows how certain actions and identities are formed due to genetics, rather than
Be able to discuss the four points associated with "beauty" ideals and give examples.
The changeable, fluid notion of beauty (culture, time period, etc-->different definitions of beauty)
The ways beauty ideals illustrate power in society (harder for a 'fat' woman to get a job over a skinny woman or any man)
Standards of beauty are enforced
Why women, why food? Define the different types of eating disorders and summarize their occurrence in US society. Who suffers the most from these disorders? What are the causes of eating disorders?
Anorexia Nervosa (self-starvation) 10:1 female to male ratio (1 % of female adolescents)
Bulimia Nervosa (binge then vomit) 10:1 female to male ratio (4% of female adolescents)
Compulsive Eating (binge eating) 3:1 female to male ratio (3.5%)
Muscle Dysmor
CHAPTER 5
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What forms does "culture"�in the way this chapter describes it�take? How do these forms influence our everyday lives? How are media and popular and artistic culture influenced by and through systems of inequality and privilege?
Popular culture reflects and creates societal needs, desires, anxieties, and hopes through consumption and participation. It provides stories and narratives that shape our lives and identities.
TV, movies, music, print media, Internet- reflects and reinfo
Why and how are the Internet and its technologies so influential? Who is using it? What are current changes in digital technologies that are having profound effects on human life, both socially and physiologically?
The Internet is central in enabling and accelerating interactions. It is reshaping or redefining most traditional communications media. New media support imperialist practices and provide opportunities for subversion and resistance through online communit
Explain the 2 ways the Internet reinforces current standards about gender and other identities. Is the Internet increasing or minimizing the gap between the "haves" and the "have-nots"? Explain also how it can provide opportunities, giving examples.
First, traditional standards are scripted through gendered and racialized content supported by advertising, entertainment, and pornography. The levels of violence in online entertainment that glorify violence, desensitize individuals to suffering, and may
Why is television one of the most influential forms of media? Be able to give examples of the ways television both supports and resists systems of inequality and privilege. How does reality television play a role in this process?
Television is one of the most influential forms of media because it is so pervasive and its presence is taken for granted in most households in the United States. It encourages passive interaction, replacing alternative interaction. Television is a visual
What is meant by the "male gaze"? Be able to give examples from different genres of popular movies of the ways traditional gender relations are both supported and resisted. How does Disney fit here?
Male gaze" is the idea that movies are made through a male perspective and fulfill a voyeristic desire for men to look at women as objects. Rom-Com and Pretty Woman, Horror and Carrie or Friday the 13th, Disney fits in here because of the white, middle-c
Discuss critiques of the traditional film gaze through transnational film efforts. Other critiques?
Subversive gazing" by viewers who refuse to gaze the way filmmakers expect. Recognize the way identities are constructed and performed rather than essentialist and intrinsic to people.
"Oppositional gaze" encourages women of color in film to reject stere
Overview women's role in the music industry. Where are the challenges and opportunities, giving examples of popular female musical artists.
Women have been able to get their voice out through the music industry, but do face subjection to sexualization from males. But some women are able to combine their sexuality with feminism and are able to get a positive message out to their fans. Males do
MTV is a clever blending of what? Was/is it helpful for women's careers?
MTV is a clever blending of TV programming and advertisement. While most music videos sexualize women and more men vocalists are aired than female vocalists, MTV aided women by getting them recognition and backing from the industry. New feminine voice tha
Discuss the 3 different kinds of women's magazines and explain how they maintain sexism.
Fashion: focuses on looks and beauty; satisfying men, self-improvement (Vogue, Cosmo, Seventeen, Ebony)
Family Oriented: household maintenance and decor, keep the man you already have (Good Housekeeping, Redbook, Better Homes and Gardens)
Issue or Hobby a
Why have there been so few women artists creating literature? Be able to name at least 3 contemporary feminist writers, playwrights, or poets.
Not because of talent but because of lack of opportunity. Critics and professors (men) were not very accepting of literature coming from female. "Their works were often neglected by the arbiters of the literary canon because the fell outside the narrowly
Why have women tended to create "crafts" rather than art? Be able to name at least 3 famous women artists, broadly defined.
Same with literature, women were barred from art and their work was trivialized by men by being called 'craft' rather than 'art',
Frida Kahlo, Georgia O'Keefe, Judy Chicago
What musical instruments have women traditionally been prevented or dissuaded from playing? Be able to name at least 3 famous women musicians of past or present.
The keyboard and harp were considered appropriate for women. Dissuaded or prevented from performing in symphony orchestra or conducting orchestras.
Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Clara Schumann, Margaret Ruthven Lang, Cynthia Wong, Yu-Hiu Chang, Paola Prestini
CHAPTER 11
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Define state and the responsibilities of the state in the U.S. What are its relationships to the global scene?
The state is an abstract concept that refers to all forms of social organization representing official power in society. It determines how people are selected to govern others and controls the systems of governance they must use. It influences how power i
How does the state function as a conduit for systems of inequality and privilege? What does "conduit" mean?
Conduit means channel. The state doesn't always fairly regulate and control social order. It is a tool for addressing historical forms of social, political, and economic inequalities through laws and social policy to maintain sources of inequality and act
Give examples of how the state regulates other social institutions.
Regulates the family- Family Leave Act considers some families illegitimate and ineligible for state benefits
Regulates education- Title IX
Regulates the economic system- antitrust laws and anti-discrimination policies
Regulates religion- state rules for
What was the status of women under the original U.S. constitution? When did women receive suffrage in the U.S.? What Amendment was this?
The liberal doctrine of representation first included women as rights-bearing citizens and represented them as members of body politic. The founding fathers believes that women's political identity should be restricted because their presence in politics w
When was the Equal Rights Amendment first introduced into Congress? What did it hope to counter? When was it rewritten? What does it say? Why did it fail and what is its current status? What is the "three-state strategy"?
In 1923 the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was introduced into Congress to counter the inadequacies of the Fourteenth Amendment concerning women and citizenship. It affirms that both women and men hold equally all of the rights guaranteed by the US Constitu
Give an example of women and citizenship rights. What are the obligations associated with citizenship?
Prior to the mid-1920s, non-native-born women who married male US citizens automatically became American, and native-born women who married non-US citizens automatically lost their citizenship and were expected to reside in their husband's country. Laws e
At what level are women most likely to run for political office? What factors tend to prevent women running for higher political office?
Women still constitute a relatively small number of candidates for local, state, and national offices; Their presence is greater at the local than the national level.
Conflict between family and work roles, lack of political financing, and discrimination
What are the percentages of women and people of color in the current Congress? As a group, women are more likely to vote for which political party? Why?
As for 2014:Many feminist vote for men in political office over women candidates because they understand that a candidate's being female does not necessarily mean that her politics, or those of the party she represents, are pro-women
98 seats (18.3%) held
Explain what is meant by the "gender gap.
It refers to the differences between women and men in political attitudes and voting choices. A gender gap is apparent in voting behavior, party identification, evaluations of presidential performances, and attitudes toward public policy issues.
In voting
The U.S. inherited what version of law? Describe what this entailed.
The US inherited British common law that utilized the doctrine of femme couverte, or covered women: Husband and wife were one person under law, and she was his sexual property. Married women could not seek employment without the husband's consent, keep th
What kinds of protection against violence do women currently have? When were these laws enacted? Review the legal trends on reproductive rights, work and employment, and marriage.
Decriminalized violence in the family and operated marital rape exemption laws until 1960s.
1980s and 1990s with legal protection against violence: rape shield laws, mandatory arrest procedures in cases of domestic violence, public notification programs a
Review the bootstrap theory (see also, chapter 2). What are the consequences of the Personal Responsibility Act and the Welfare Reform Bill? What is "wealthfare"?
Bootstrap myth: Success is a result of hard work and ambition; lack of economic success rests with the individual. Avoids looking at structural aspects of the labor force and social systems that perpetuate classism and instead focuses on the individual.
P
What institutions within the state are responsible for enforcing the law and keeping public order? What are the statistics on women and crime and their backgrounds, and their numbers in the prison population? What are the trends involved and what kinds of
The court system maintains the law through adjudicating conflicts that may be unlawful and deciding punishments for people who have broken the law; The police enforces these laws and keep public order; Prisons are responsible for punishing those who have
Discuss the connections between the military and the economic system as well as the political and governmental institutions of the state.
Military presence overseas tends to be related to economic interests
Military culture is integrates into everyday lives through camouflage fashions and ROTC on campuses
What is the representation of women and of men and women of color in the military? What has been women's role in the military? What are current policies regarding women's service as well as their service in the recent wars? What are the current statistics
1. Women not allowed to serve except for auxiliary forces as nursing until WWII when given formal status and 1976 allowed into military academies.
2. Forces segregated until 1948
3. Continuing economic recession and high unemployment are facilitating incr
What about gays and lesbians in the military? What is the current policy on gays and lesbians in the armed forces?
Long history of homophobia resulting in execution, persecution, and dismissal of gay soldiers.
Pro for anti-gay prejudice: the morale and fighting spirit military personnel will drop if openly gay and lesbian personnel are present; gays and lesbians pose