model
simplification of a system and its partsrepresent the system to be manipulated in a controlled manner
types of models
mechanicalphysiologicalmathematical/computer
theories
statement about a phenomenon incorporating underlying principles and assumptionsexplain observed datamake predictionsalways changing, never "proved
issue related to speech motor control
1) serial order issues2) degrees of freedom3) context sensitivity
spoonerisms
speech error in which the serial order of a word is produced in the wrong sequence
speech degrees of freedom
each potential muscle contraction (lots of muscles)respiration, larynx, articulationmovement in dif ways, speeds, and combinations
context sensitivity
speech sounds are produced differently based on their linguistic context
context sensitivity is influenced by
speaking ratestressclarity of articulation
context sensitivity
coarticulation is a type of...
dynamic systems model
model that reduces degrees of freedomexplains how muscles link together to perform tasks as a groupthese groups can change
connectionist model types
spreading activation modelsparallel distributed processing models
connectionist models (spreading activation, parallel distributed processing)
non-hierarchal processing, parallel info flows in all directionsspeech is a number of connected nodesexcitatory and inhibitory signalscoarticulation
target model types
spatial/articulatoryacoustic/auditory
target models
models that describe physical specification of a planned phonological unitdescribe sounds as a potential end result
spatial/articulatory target model
focus on position of articulatorsinternalized map of vocal tracts
acoustic/auditory target model
focus on acoustic output
when do we rely on feedback
learning speech soundssuprasegmentals
when do we rely on feedforward
once speech is developed
feedback steps
1) error is detected2) neural command for correction3) transmission of command to muscles4) contraction of muscle for the correction
feedforward
adjustments so the system is primed to move in efficient and coordinated manneruses previously learned commandspredictions of sensory consequences allow for quick estimations
Directions into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA)
incorporates feedback and feedforward