fishprint
The area of ocean needed to sustain the consumption of an average person, a nation, or the world.
commercial extinction
Occurs when it is no longer profitable to continue fishing the affected species.
bycatch
Look at paper
trawler fishing
Used to catch fishes and shellfish--especially shrimp, cod, flounder, and scallops--that live on or near the ocean floor; involves dragging a funnel-shaped net held open at the neck along the ocean bottom.
purse-seine fishing
Used to catch surface-dwelling species such as tuna, mackerel, anchovies, and herring, which tend to feed in schools near the surface or in shallow areas; after a spotter plane locates a school, the fishing vessel encloses it with a large net called a pur
long line fishing
Involves putting out lines up to 130 kilometers (80 miles) long, hung with thousands of baited hooks; the depth of the lines can be adjusted to catch open-ocean fish species such as swordfish, tuna, and sharks or bottom fishes such as halibut and cod. The
drift-net fishing
Fish are caught by huge drifting nets that can hang as deep as 15 meters (50 feet) below the surface and extend to 64 kilometers (40 miles) long; can lead to overfishing of the desired species and may trap and kill large quantities of unwanted fish, marin
reconciliation ecology
("applied ecology"--new form of conservation biology) This science focuses on inventing, establishing, and maintaining new habitats to conserve species diversity in places where people live, work, or play.
exclusive economic zone
By international law, a country's offshore fishing zone extends to 370 kilometers (200 miles) from its shores; foreign fishing vessels can take certain quotas of fish within such zones, but only with a government's permission.
high seas
Ocean areas beyond the legal jurisdiction of any country; laws and treaties pertaining to them are difficult to monitor and enforce.
marine protected area (MPA)
Areas of ocean partially protected from human activities.
marine reserve
Areas that are put off-limits to destructive human activities in order to enable their ecosystems to recover and flourish
integrated coastal management (ICM)
A community-based effort to develop and use coastal resources more sustainably.
maximum sustained yield (MSY)
Used to project the maximum number of fish that can be harvested annually from a fish stock without causing a population drop.
optimum sustained yield (OSY)
It attempts to take into account interactions among species and to provide more room for error.
multispecies management
Of a number of interacting species, which takes into account their competitive and predator-prey interactions.
precautionary principle
Sharply reducing fish harvests and closing some overfished areas until they recover and until we have more information about what levels of fishing can be sustained.
individual transfer rights (ITRs)
A market-based system used to control access to fisheries; the government gives each fishing vessel owner a specified percentage of the total allowable catch (TAC) for a fishery in a given year; owners are permitted to buy, sell, or lease their fishing ri
sustainable seafood
Encourages more responsible fishing practices; in choosing seafood in markets and restaurants, consumers can make choices that will further help to sustain fisheries.
mitigation banking
A policy which allows destruction of existing wetlands as long as an equal area of the same type of wetland is created or restored.