1) seminal vesicle2) prostate gland3) ejaculatory gland4) anus5) bulbourethral gland6) ductus (vas) defense7) urinary bladder8) pubis9) corpus cavernosum10) corpus spongiosum11) penis12) urethra13) glans penis14) scrotum15) testis16) epididymis
Identify
1) ductus defens2) body of epidymis3) medaistinum testis4) rete testis5) head of epididymis6) ductuli efferentes7) seminiferous tubule8) septum9) tunica albuginea10) tunica vaginalis11) tubuli recti12) tail of epididymis
Identify
1) regarded as endocrine gland (Leydig cells synthesize and secrete testosterone) and as an exocrine organ (secretes spermatozoa) 2) compound tubular gland that uses holocrine secretion 3) contain an outer dense irregular capsule called tunica albuginea and inner loose CT called tunica vasculosa
Testes (3)
1) tunica albuginea (dense irregular CT)-thickens posteriorly to form mediastinum testis2) blood vessels3) septum4) seminiferous tubules
Identify
1) Leydig cells -larger than any other cells of interstitium-eosinophilic cytoplasm-vesiculated nucleus w/ prominent nucleolus-cytoplasm w/ lipid droplets2) Seminiferous tubules
Identify
secrete testosteronecontain abundant sER and mitochondria w/ tubulo-vesicular cristae which give their acidophilia
Leydig cells (function)
critical for development, maturation, and maintenance of male gamete production, reproductive tract function ,and male 2º sexual characteristics
Testosterone (function)
tunica propria (dense CT) which contains myofibroblasts (contractile myoid cells that helps propel secreted spermatozoa)
Each seminiferous tubule is surrounded by...?
2-3ºC (34-35ºC) lower than body temperature (37ºC)
Spermatogenesis requires what temperature?
1) Leydig2) Sertoli cells-epithelium of seminiferous tubule-organizes spermatogenic cells undergoing spermatogenesis3) sperm4) spermatogonium5) myoid
Identify
Sertoli cells-columnar-indistinct plasma membrane boundaries-indented, vesiculated nucleus-prominent nucleolus
Identify and what are some distinguishing features? (4)
1) forms Sertoli-spermatid junctions to help anchor spermatid to Sertoli cell for development2) produce testosterone-binding protein to maintain a high concentration of testosterone (200x higher) 3) secretes fluid to help move spermatozoa
Sertoli cells (function) (3)
1) Spermatogonial phase-production of spermatocytes by spermatogonial cells2) Spermatocyte phase-meiotic divisions of spermatocytes reduce DNA content to one copy per cell3) Spermatid phase-differentiation of sperm67-75 days
Phases of Spermatogenesis: (3)How long does this take?
-LEAST developed spermatogenic cell3 types:1) Ad (type A dark)-divide by mitosis to form Ad (stem cells) or Ap2) Ap (type A pale)-committed to differentiation process that will produce sperm-completes several rounds of mitosis but will not complete cytokinesis3) B (type B)-divide by mitosis to produce preleptotene 1º spermatocytes
Spermatogonia (3)
Primary spermatocytes-largest nuclei of any cells-contain condensed basophilic chromatin
Identify
do NOT undergo DNA synthesisproceeds through Meiosis II (takes few hours to complete)
2º spermatocytes
-formed from 2º spermatocytes that have completed Meiosis II-small and round w/ fairly darkly staining basophilic nucleus
Spermatids
1) golgi phase2) cap phase 3) acrosomal phase4) maturation phase
Process of Spermiogenesis:
1) spermatids produce acrosomal vesicle from Golgi apparatus-contains hydrolytic enzymes (hyalurinidase, acrosin, neuraminidase) to help penetrate coverings of ovum and receptors for zona pellucida 2) -microtubules of tail (axoneme) begin to form at this stage
Golgi phase (2)
Acrosomal vesicle flattens against round spermatid nucleus to form a cap
Cap Phase
1) acrosome vesicle condenses and elongates (giving sperm head a pointed, flattened appearance)2) Mitochondria migrate to initial portion of axoneme adjacent to neck to form a spiral wrapping to constitute "middle piece" of spermatozoan
Acrosomal phase (2)
1) excess cytoplasm extruded into residual body that is usually phagocytized by Sertoli cells
Maturation phase
Straight tubules-first component of excretory duct system-lined w/ simple cuboidal epithelium-function: transport spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules to epididymal duct
Identify
Rete testis -intratesticular duct system of interconnecting epithelial-lined channels within CT mediatinum testis-simple cuboidal-function: transport spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules to epididymal duct
Identify
Efferent Ductules-part of extratesticular duct system-bridge btwn testes and epididymis -lined w/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium that consists of alternating groups of tall ciliated columnar cells and non-ciliated cuboidal cells
Identify
Efferent Ductules-lined w/ pseudostratified columnar epithelium that consists of alternating groups of tall ciliated columnar cells and non-ciliated cuboidal cells-most testicular fluid secreted by cells in seminiferous tubules is reabsorbed in efferent ductules-highly convoluted and surrounded by thin layer of smooth muscle
Identify
Right = efferent ductulesleft = epididymis
Identify
Epididymal duct-pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ principal and basal cells (majority) and narrow cells, clear cells, and halo cells (minority)
Identify
-apical surface of principal cells - contains non-motile branched stereociliafunction: 1) absorption of testicular fluid not absorbed by efferent ductules2) phagocytosis of abnormal spermatozoa and residual bodies3) secretion of GPC (glycerylphophorylcholine), glycoproteins, and others that function in maturation of spermatozoa leading to motility
Principal cells (function and organization) (4)
1) precursors of principal cells2) regulates electrolytes and water transport by principal cells
Basal cells (2)
Epididymal duct -surrounded by smooth muscle that gets progressively thicker
Identify
ductus defens
Identify
left = ampulla of ductus defensright = seminal vesicle
Identify
Seminal vesicles-mucosa -> extensively branched and folded to create large surface area
Identify
Seminal vesiclesecretes: fructose (principle metabolic substrate for sperm) and other sugars, bicarbonate, prostaglandins, proteins, and amino acids
IdentifyWhat does the epithelium secrete?
Ejaculatory ducts
Identify
1) ejaculatory ducts2) urethra3) PG = prostate gland-largest accessory gland-surrounds urethra-lined w/ transitional epithelium
Identify
1) prostatic duct2) mucosal gland (transitional zone)3) Submucosal gland (central zone)4) Main prostatic gland (peripheral zone)
Identify
secrete prostate-specific acid phosphatase, citric acid, fibrinolysin (liquifies semen), prostate specific antigen (protease), and amylase
What do the epithelial cells of prostate gland secrete? (4)
Prostatic concretions -calcified bodies of prostatic glands-diagnostic feature of this gland
Identify
stroma of prostate glandaka fibromuscular stroma-contains smooth muscle fibers, fibroblasts, elastic and collagen fibers
Identify
MOA: stromal cell conversion of testosterone ---(5-a-reductase)> DHT DHT produces growth factors which causes hyperplasia of stroma and epithelium-this causes reduced lumen of urethra, leading to difficulties with urinating
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
1) affects 30% of males over 75 y.o.2) cancer cells enter circulatory system and metastasize to bone-causes increase in blood levels of both PSA and prostate specific acid phosphatase
Prostate cancer
Cross section of penis1) superficial dorsal vein2) deep dorsal artery and vein3) erectile tissue4) Corpus cavernosum5) Corpus spongiosum6) urethra7) Tunica albuginea
Identify
CC = Corpus cavernosumCS = Corpus spongiosum-contains penile portion of urethra-contains glands of Littre (mucous secreting glands)
Identify
MOA of erection:Acetylcholine -> Nitric oxide produced -> spreads into smooth muscle of trabeculae and helicine arteries -> activates guanylate cyclase -> produces cGMP (relaxes muscle)Increased blood flow through helicine arteries produces erection by filling of lacunae
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)