James Lange's theory of emotion acknowledges the following three components in this order to define emotion.
cognition, actions, and emotions
Which evidence is most detrimental to the James-Lange theory?
patients with pure uatonomic failure experience emotions
Which of the following is characterized by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal?
panic attack
The term "serotonin turnover" refers to the amount of serotonin that is:
released at synapses and resynthesized
According to a number of animal studies, under which of the following conditions is the probability of violent behavior greatest?
low serotonin turnover
High levels of phenylalanine in the diet impair the synthesis of serotonin because it:
competes with an active transport mechanism shared by tryptophan
According to one hypothesis, if serotonin is released during aggressive behavior, thenindividuals with low serotonin release are more aggressive because of:
increased serotonin receptor sensitivity
Out put from the amygdala to the ______ modifies approach and avoidance responses.
prefrontal cortex
______ decrease(s) the responses in a rat's brain to the smell of a cat.
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol decreases anxiety by:
promoting chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex
Hans Selye's defined stress in terms of:
the nonspecific response of the body to any demand
A leukocyte attacks when it finds a cell with foreign:
antigens
Which type of leukocyte destroys tumor cells and cells infected with viruses?
natural killer cells
Information from cytokines is relayed to the brain, specifically to the:
hypothalamus
High cortisol levels increase the likelihood that hippocampal cells will be:
vulnerable to damage by toxins
Among people who had been in severe automobile accidents, the ones who develop PTSD are more likely to have:
smaller than average hippocampus
Which brain area is essential for the extreme emotional impact that produces PTSD?
amygdala
The Behavioral Activation System is associated with:
low to moderate arousal, tendency to approach new objects, and pleasant mood.
Impulsive behavior and poor decisions are common symptoms of:
prefrontal damage.
Several studies have found that ______ is particularly enhanced in people with both a genetic predisposition and a troubled early environment.
violence
The autonomic nervous system is divided into two parts; the ______ system (which prepare the body for emergency action), and the ______ nervous system (which calms the body).
sympathetic; parasympathetic
According to the ______ theory, we experience emotion after we experience autonomic arousal.
James-Lange
When people were forced to smile, by clenching a pen between their teeth, how did they rate a cartoon they were reading?
funnier than if they were not forced to smile.
Children with a rare condition called ______ are unable to move their facial muscles tomake a smile.
Mobius syndrome
A research study linked different genes for the enzyme MAO-A to the probability of antisocial behavior. The effect of the gene varied from small to great, depending on what?
whether the person was maltreated during childhood.
Male aggressive behavior depends heavily on:
testosterone.
A study administering testosterone to women found which of these effects?
Testosterone decreased their ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion.
The amygdala send axons to the ______, which in turn sends axons to the pons to controlthe startle reflex.
midbrain
Stress activates two systems. One is the:
Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis
Which of the following hormones is released by the adrenal gland during stress?
cortisol
Which type of leukocyte attaches to an intruder and produces a specific antibody to attack the intruder's antigen?
B cell
PTSD victims tend to have a ______ hippocampus and ______ cortisol levels.
smaller; lower
People with damage to either the prefrontal cortex or the amygdala show difficulties processing emotional information.
t
Most of the vigorous emotional behaviors we observe in animals fall into the categories of attack and escape
t
Low serotonin turnover is associated with reduced aggression
f
Increasing the amount of phenylalanine in the diet may interfere with the synthesis ofserotonin.
t
The amygdala is one of the main areas for integrating both environmental and geneticinfluences, and then regulating the current level of anxiety.
t
Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder are more likely to have a suppressed startlereflex.
f
Amygdala damage will result in the complete loss of the startle response.
f
The amygdala is important only for the expression of fear.
f
Activity in the amygdala can change without the person being consciously aware of anemotional stimulus.
t
The most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs are the benzodiazepines.
t
Benzodiazepines bind to the GABAC receptor
f
Activation of the HPA axis occurs during prolonged stress.
t
Direct injections of cytokines into the brain would increase appetite.
f
Brief activation of the sympathetic nervous system can enhance activity of the immunesystem.
t
Temporary increases in cortisol can enhance immune function.
t
Prolonged high cortisol levels are associated with increased hippocampal damage
t
Individuals with PTSD usually have a smaller than average hippocampus.
t
Psychologists typically define emotion in terms of three components.
t
According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, we experience physiological changesfirst and then label these changes as an emotion
t
The pattern of physiological reactions for each emotion is easily distinguishable by theperson who is experiencing them.
f
In people with an uncommon condition called pure autonomic failure, output from theautonomic nervous system to the body fails, either completely or almost completely
t
The more important contributions to emotions come from the effects of the autonomicnervous system, not muscle activity
t
The limbic system—the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus—has been regarded asnon-critical for emotion.
f
The insula is strongly activated if you see a disgusting picture.
t
The right hemisphere seems to be more responsive to emotional stimuli than the lefthemisphere.
t
Emotions are important for decision making.
t
Prefrontal cortex damage always results in poor decisions.
f
If a burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it happens in a rapid series, which of the following is expected?
Long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli.
Long-term potentiation produces a long-term enhancement of glutamate responses at the:
AMPA synapses.
what known to be critical for long-term potentiation?
a massive inflow of calcium.
Drugs that block NMDA synapses:
prevent the establishment of LTP.
In operant conditioning, punishment is:
an event that decreases the future probability of a response.
Karl Lashley called the physical basis of learning a(n):
engram.
In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the:
cerebellum.
Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for:
the performance of a conditioned response.
the general function of working memory is to:
...
Which of the following drug types is most promising for treating people with falling memory.
stimulants
A peculiarity of the memory of the neurological patient H. M. was that he was able to:
learned new skills but not remember having learned them.
Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on:
the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed
Who is most likely to develop Korsakoff's syndrome?
chronic alcoholics
A study of patients with amnesia reveals that people:
do not lose all aspects of memory equally.
If a stimulus is presented repeatedly, followed by no other stimulus, the animal will gradually stop responding. This is known as:
habituation.
Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that attach to receptors and:
closes potassium channels in the membrane.
in Pavlov's experiments he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the:
conditioned stimulus.
In operant conditioning, reinforcement is:
an event that increases the future probability of a response.
Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes He found thatthe cuts produced:
little apparent effect.
A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to:
enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly.
what is a major advantage of Aplysia for studies on the physiology of learning?
There is great similarity of nervous system anatomy from one individual to another.
Which of the following is an example of sensitization?
Following a series of electrical shocks, a person overresponds to noises.
Pairing a weak input with a strong input enhances later responses to the weak input. This is known as the property of:
associativity.
Under most conditions, NMDA receptors do NOT respond to their neurotransmitter because:
magnesium ions block the passage of calcium through the receptor's channel.
Evidence that rats can imagine the future came from recordings from what type of cell?
Place cells
Why are certain cells in the entorhinal cortex called grid cells?
They respond to locations distributed in a hexagonal grid.
what type of memory do the radial maze and Morris water maze test?
Spatial memory
Of the following, which correlates most strongly with intelligence?
The surface area of the cerebral cortex
In which way are men's and women's brains most similar?
Number of neurons
Which of these enabled humans to evolve a larger brain?
Learning to cook food
Korsakoff's patients perform better on tasks of implicit memory than explicit memory.
t
A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fillin memory gaps.
t
Alzheimer's patients have better explicit memory than implicit memory.
f
The genes controlling early-onset Alzheimer's disease cause a protein called amyloid-b
t
Impaired arousal and attention in Alzheimer's patients is largely due to damage to the basalforebrain.
t
Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompaniedby no change in other stimuli.
t
Sensitization is the opposite of habituation.
t
After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.
t
Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect activity of the cortex by enhancing the effects ofacetylcholine
t
The UCR and the CR are always the same.
f
In operant conditioning, an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment
t
Punishment makes it less likely for a behavior to occur again in the future.
t
In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley found that removal of larger areas of cortex resulted inthe greatest impairment of memory.
t
Lashley was able to determine that the frontal lobe cortex is more important for memories thanthe parietal lobe cortex
f
Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus.
t
The lateral interpositus nucleus in the cerebellum is essential for learning.
t
Information in short term memory is lost more easily than long term memory
t
To replace the concept of short-term memory, A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch introduced theterm delayed memory to refer to the way we store information while we are working at it.
f
A common test of working memory is the delayed response task.
t
H.M. was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery
f
H. M. had particularly severe impairment of episodic memories, or memories of single events
t
Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words.
f
Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory.
t
Thiamine is necessary for the proper metabolism of glucose.
t
A loss of language ability, in general, is referred to as:
aphasia.
A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if:
they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body.
During binocular rivalry, what do people ordinarily perceive?
alternation of one eye's view and then the other's.
René Decartes was a proponent of:
dualism
Experiments using the masking technique showed that when people were not aware of seeing a word, neural activations in ________ occurred.
V1
When people perceive themselves as being threatened, oxytocin
V1
The ability to take someone else's perspective depends on an area where the _____.
temporal cortex meets the parietal cortex
In most humans, control of language is centered in the:
left hemisphere
The right hemisphere of the human brain receives visual input from the:
right half of each retina.
In general, drugs that treat epilepsy work by:
enhancing the effects of GABA.
Several patients have had their corpus callosum cut surgically as a treatment for severecases of:
epilepsy.
Which of the following tasks would split-brain patients be able to perform better than other people?
using both hands simultaneously to draw separate shapes.
Control of the emotional content of speech depends on:
the right hemishpere
The planum temporale is larger in the:
left hemisphere for most people.
People born without a corpus callosum can compensate for a lack of corpus callosum because of the extra development of the:
commissures
On average, right-handers turned mostly to the left, and left-handers turn mostly to the ______.
right
Early studies taught chimpanzees to use symbols to communicate with a computer and each other. Which of the following does NOT characterize their use of symbols?
They frequently used new and original combinations.
Studies of nonhuman language abilities call attention to the:
difficulty of defining language.
Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by:
good language abilities despite low overall intelligence.
the language of children with Williams syndrome is:
comparable to that of a normal adult's second language.
One way to test the hypothesis that people are biologically adapted to learn best during a critical period is to:
determine whether people learn a second language if they start at various ages
Someone with Broca's aphasia has the greatest difficulty:
speaking.
Someone with Broca's aphasia is least likely to use:
prepositions and conjunctions.
Someone suffering from Wernicke's aphasia has difficulty:
understanding speech.
A person with anomia would have the most difficulty with:
naming objects
Wernicke's aphasia is to ______ as Broca's aphasia is to ______.
understanding; speaking
more typical of dyslexic people than of other people is
a bilaterally symmetrical cerebral cortex.
A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the:
left side of the body.
In many instances, spatial neglect appears to be linked to ______ problems.
attention
Most of the information passing from one hemisphere to the other does so by passing through which structure?
corpus callosum
Which of the following senses sends input only to the ipsilateral hemisphere?
smell
Damage to the human left optic nerve before it crosses the optic chiasm would result inthe loss of vision in the:
left eye.
people with damage in parts of ______ speak in a monotone voice.
the right hemisphere
The ______ has made the most spectacular progress toward learning to communicate by an approximation of human language.
bonobo chimpanzee
Children with Williams syndrome are characterized by:
good language abilities despite low overall intelligence.
Broca's area is located in the:
left frontal lobe.
If someone is bilingual from the start, how does the brain represent the two languages?
Both in both hemispheres.
Which of the following best states the identity position regarding mind and brain?
Mental activity and brain activity are the same thing.
what happens in the brain when people lose consciousness?
Activity in one brain area does not effectively spread to other areas.
. Can rats "think about the future"? And what is the evidence?
Yes. At a choice point, hippocampal place cells imagine possible routes
Which hypothesis best summarizes our current understanding about oxytocin?
Oxytocin increases attention toward social cues.
The left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex is connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on the right side of the body.
t
Trunk and facial muscles are controlled by both hemispheres of the brain.
t
The left and right hemispheres exchange information through a set of axons called thecorpus callosum.
t
Information from the left half of the visual field is processed in the right hemisphere.
t
After surgery, split-brain patients have impaired intellect and motivation.
f
In most people, the right hemisphere is dominant for speech.
f
Normally, a split-brain patient should be able to name an object flashed to the left visualfield.
f
The right hemisphere is dominant for recognizing both pleasant and unpleasant emotions in others.
t
Recognition of happy or sad faces will occur most rapidly if presented to the righthemisphere.
t
The planum temporale is usually larger in the right hemisphere.
f
The left hemisphere appears to be specialized for language before language develops
t
People born without a corpus callosum can perform many tasks in which split-brainpatients fail.
t
For more than 95% of right-handed people, the left hemisphere is strongly dominant for speech.
t
Most left-handers have left-hemisphere dominance for speech
t
Most people use only one hemisphere for most tasks.
f
Language studies with bonobos suggest that they can understand more than they canproduce.
t
One of the main problems in determining if nonhuman species have language is being able to accurately define what language is.
t
It is possible for language to be impaired without an associated impairment of intelligence.
t
Observations of Williams syndrome indicate that language is not simply a by-product of overall intelligence.
t
The critical period for learning a second language is shorter than for learning a first language.
f
Patients with Broca's aphasia have a problem with speech production, but speech comprehension relatively good.
t
Wernicke's aphasia is primarily a problem of speech production.
f
The parallels between language and music are sufficient to suggest that they arosetogether.
t
Dyslexia is a problem with producing speech.
f
Spatial neglect is more common after damage to the left hemisphere than the righthemisphere.
f
Damage in the left hemisphere often produces significant neglect of the right side.
f
When heterosexual men were given oxytocin or a placebo prior to meeting an attractivewoman, the oxytocin had no effect on single men, but it causes those in a monogamous relationship to stand farther away
t