The endomysium is a connective tissue sheath that wraps around which of the following?
Muscle fiber
Connective tissue structures that attach bone to muscle are called
tendons
Which term refers to a muscle that produces most of the force during a particular joint action?
Agonist
The ___ of a muscle refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it.
innervation
True or false: Skeletal muscle contraction helps produce body heat.
True
Which term refers to the loose connective tissue layer that surrounds each individual muscle cell?
endomysium
What does the term "depressor" refer to in the name depressor labii inferioris?
The action of the muscle
Tendon
0
What is the action of the zygomaticus major?
draws angle of mouth upward and laterally
In flexing the elbow, the prime mover is the ______.
brachialis
Sternocleidomastoid
0
Knowing the innervation to each muscle enables clinicians to diagnose which of the following?
Nerve, spinal cord, and brain stem injuries
Contraction of the left scalene muscles tilts the head toward the left shoulder. What type of movement is this?
Ipsilateral
What are the functions of skeletal muscle?
- Blood sugar regulation- Control of body openings and passages- Heat production
What does the term "brevis" mean in the name of a muscle?
short
The zygomatic bone and the superolateral angle of the mouth are the skeletal attachments for which muscle?
Zygomaticus major
Which muscle forms a dome between the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
Diaphragm
The rectus abdominis, transverse abdominal, and abdominal oblique muscles are are all located in which part of the body?
Anterior abdominal wall
Contraction of the right sternocleidomastoid turns the head toward the left. What type of movement is this?
Ipsilateral
Which is a deep muscle of the back that runs vertically from the cranium to the sacrum?
Erector spinae
Which term refers to the diamond-shaped area between the thighs that is bordered by the pubic symphysis, the coccyx, and the ischial tuberosities?
Perineum
Which best describes the diaphragm?
muscular dome between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Where is the pectoralis major located?
upper chest
Which are muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
- Transverse abdominal- External abdominal oblique- Internal abdominal oblique- Rectus abdominis
Which muscle flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the humerus?
Pectoralis major
The biceps brachii ____ the elbow. (Use an action word to complete the sentence.)Listen to the complete question
flexes
Together the iliocostalis, the longissimus, and the spinalis form a muscle called the ___ spinae.
erector
Match each head of the triceps brachii to its skeletal attachment.
Long head: Inferior margin of glenoid cavity and joint capsuleLateral head: Posterior surface of proximal end of humerusMedial head: Posterior surface of entire humeral shaft
The perineum is bordered by which of the following bony landmarks?
- Coccyx- Ischial tuberosities- Pubic symphysis
Which group of hand muscles is concerned with moving the thumb?
Thenar group
Which is a thick fleshy muscle in the mammary region?
Pectoralis major
The flexors of the knee are found in which compartment of the thigh?
Posterior
The pectoralis major acts on the humerus to do which of the following?
- Flex the arm- Adduct the arm- Medially rotate the arm
The primary action of the muscle indicated by the letter A is to ____ the thigh.
adduct
Which best describes the action of the biceps brachii?
Supination; flexes shoulder and elbow
Which muscle is indicated by the letter A?
Adductor magnus
What is the distal attachment of all three heads of the triceps brachii?
Olecranon
Muscles in the thenar group act on which of the following?
Thumb
What is the action of the muscle indicated by A?
flexes knee, medially rotates tibia
The adductor muscles of the thigh are found in which compartment?
Medial
Which is a large posterior thigh muscle that is active in stair climbing, running, and elevation of the trunk after stooping?
Gluteus maximus
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris?
extend knee
Choose the actions of the gluteus maximus from the list below.
- Abducts thigh- Extends thigh at the hip
Name the muscles that insert on the tibial tuberosity and heads of the quadriceps femoris
Rectus femorisVastus intermediusVastus lateralisVastus medialis
Notice the origin and insertion of this muscle. Its action will be to ___ the knee.
extend
Which hamstring muscle has a tendon that wraps laterally around the knee?
Biceps femoris
What is the major action of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh, commonly called the "hamstrings?
Flexion of the knee
Together the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are commonly known by which name?
Hamstring muscles
Which connects the kneecap to the tibial tuberosity?
Patellar ligament
The rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and the vastus intermedius are heads of a muscle called the ___ femoris.
quadriceps
Which is an action of the gastrocnemius?
plantar flexion
Biceps femoris
0
True or false: The hamstrings are the major extensors of the knee.
FALSE The hamstrings, located in the posterior compartment of the thigh, will flex the knee.
The "hamstring muscles" get their name from the "ham," more accurately known as the popliteal fossa. Based on where the hamstrings are located, what is the popliteal fossa?
The pit at the back of the knee
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?
soleus
Considering the name of the flexor hallucis brevis, what is its action?
Flexes big toe
What are the actions of the gastrocnemius?
- Plantar flexes foot- Flexes knee
What is the action of the soleus?
plantar flexion of foot
The intrinsic foot muscles located in the ventral layers do which of the following?
Flex or adduct the toes
What is the ability of muscle cells to shorten called?
Contractility
Skeletal muscle exhibits alternating light and dark bands called
striations
Muscle cells contain ____ , a starch-like carbohydrate that provides energy during intense exercise.
glycogen
Which protein makes up the thick filaments of a myofibril?
myosin
Within skeletal muscle cells, what extends from one Z disc to the next and constitutes one contractile unit?
Sarcomere
The characteristic that allows muscles to pull on bones and organs to create movement is called ______.
contractility
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single nerve fiber constitute a ___ unit.
motor
Because skeletal muscle is under the conscious control it is said to be ______.
voluntary
Muscle cells contain ___ , a red pigment that stores oxygen needed for muscular activity.
myoglobin
What is a neuromuscular junction?
A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber
In a myofibril, a thick filament is composed of pairs of ___ molecules intertwined together.
myosin
The voltage measured across the muscle cell at rest is about -90mV and is called the resting membrane
potential
The portion of a myofibril from one Z disc to the next is called a(n)
sarcomere
What is a motor unit?
All of the muscle fibers innervated by a single motor nerve fiber
True or false: Excitation involves the generation of action potentials, and occurs in both neurons and muscle fibers.
TRUE
What is the function of a T tubule?
T tubules carry the action potential through the sarcoplasm.
A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a ____ junction.
neuromuscular
What is a difference in electrical charge from one point to another called?
Electrical potential
Which occurs during muscle contraction?
The overlapping of myofilaments increases
The prevailing theory regarding muscle contraction is called the ___ filament theory.
sliding
What is the process by which action potentials of a nerve fiber lead to action potentials in the muscle fiber called?
Excitation
Which is not a step of skeletal muscle contraction?
Breakdown of creatine phosphate
How does an action potential move deep into the muscle cell?
Via the T-tubules
The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine is called
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
What is the neuromuscular junction?
A site where a nerve fiber communicates with a muscle fiber
The step in which the muscle fiber develops tension and may shorten is called ______.
contraction
What does the sliding filament theory describe?
Muscle contraction
What is muscle tone?
The partial contraction of resting muscles
The "cocking" of the myosin head, hydrolysis of ATP and the power stroke occur during which phase of skeletal muscle contraction?
contraction
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase?
It breaks down ACh, ending muscle stimulation.
A record of the timing and strength of a muscle's contraction is called a(n)
myogram
A synapse is the point where a nerve fiber meets a target cell. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, this type of synapse is called a ____ juntion
neuromuscular
Which affects the strength of a muscle twitch?
How stretched the muscle was before stimulation
When lifting something heavy, which type of contraction occurs first?
Isometric
The partial contraction of a resting muscle is known as which of the following?
muscle tone
Aerobic respiration utilizes what two molecules as fuel to generate ATP?
Fatty acidsGlucose
The progressive weakness and loss of contractility that results from prolonged use of the muscles is known as muscle
fatigue
Which can be measured by attaching stimulating electrodes to a nerve-muscle preparation and a recording device?
Muscle strength
Stimulus frequency affects the sarcoplasmic concentration of which of the following?
calcium
What function does increased oxygen consumption after exercise serve?
To allow the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate and glucose by the liver
Which type of contraction maintains joint stability and posture?
Isometric
Aerobic respiration produces ______ ATP than glycolysis.
more
In high-intensity short-duration exercise, what does muscle fatigue result from?
Increased potassium
Fibers that are well adapted to aerobic respiration are called ______ -twitch fibers.
slow
Why does increased oxygen consumption continue after exercise?
To replace the oxygen bound to myoglobin and hemoglobin
What type of contraction involves the development of tension but no change in length?
Isometric
Fatigue resistance is improved by ______ exercise which enhances the delivery and use of oxygen.
endurance
The autonomic nervous system is important in the control of which two types of muscle tissue?
Cardiac & Smooth
Where is cardiac muscle found?
In the heart wall only
Which describes slow-twitch fibers?
They have a rich blood supply.
____ muscle cells are uninucleate, non-striated, and fusiform shaped.
smooth
Which of the following is true of endurance exercise?
It increases oxygen transport in the blood.
___ muscle tissue is typically slow to contract and slow to relax.
Smooth
Cardiac and smooth muscle are both considered which of the following?
involuntary
What are the functions of smooth muscle?
To move material through the digestive tractTo constrict or dilate blood vessels to control blood pressureTo regulate pupil diameter
Walls of the heart consist of ____ muscle tissue.
cardiac
Slow-twitch fibers are also known as ______ fibers.
red
Which describe smooth muscle?
Smooth muscle is uninucleate.Smooth muscle has little SR.Smooth muscle has no T-tubules.
Which describes smooth muscle tissue?
Uninucleate, non-striated
Excitation can be non-electrical in what type of muscle tissue?
smooth
Which describes smooth muscle?
It is slow to contract and slow to relax.
The sarcolemma of smooth muscle cells has pockets called ______ that contain calcium channels.
caveolae
Which tissue makes up the piloerector muscle of a hair follicle?
smooth muscle
Tonic contraction of ___ muscle plays an important role in maintaining blood pressure and in keeping the intestine partially contracted.
smooth
Which muscle tissue frequently exhibits tetanus and is resistant to fatigue?
smooth
How do smooth muscle myocytes differ from cardiomyocytes?
Smooth muscle myocytes have no T tubules while cardiac muscles do.
How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Smooth muscle can be excited in a multitude of ways while skeletal muscle is excited by a neuron.
What is the immediate trigger for the contraction of smooth muscle?
calcium ions
True or false: Tonic contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels is important in maintaining blood pressure.
TRUE: Continual contraction of smooth muscle in the blood vessels maintains blood pressure.
True or false: Smooth muscle often fatigues.
FALSE: Consider the consequences of smooth muscle of the gut and blood vessels fatiguing.
Two organ systems are dedicated to internal coordination, communication between the other systems, and maintaining the overall homeostasis of the body. They are ___ the system, which communicates by means of hormones, and the ____ system which sends quick electrical and chemical messages from cell to cell.
Endrocrine; Nervous
List the fundamental physiological properties of neurons.
Excitability, conductivity, secretion
Afferent neurons are ______ neurons.
sensory
Which are usually found inside the cell body (or soma) of a mature neuron?
Rough endoplasmic reticulumNucleusMitochondria
___ are the processes of a neuron that usually receive signals from other neurons.
Dendrites
Which two organ systems are primarily responsible for coordinating the other bodily systems so as to maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine & Nervous
Which term refers to the passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon?
Axonal transport
Which fundamental physiological property of neurons allows them to send signals quickly over long distances?
conductivity
Choose the characteristics of neuroglia.
They protect the neurons and help them function.They bind neurons together and provide a supportive scaffold.
List the three functional classes of neurons.
interneuronsmotor neuronssensory neurons
Which neuroglial cell is found in the peripheral nervous system?
satellite cells
Which are names for the cell body of a neuron?
-neurosoma-soma
The processes that branch from the somas of most neurons are called ______.
dendrite
The myelin sheath is a spiral layer of ______ around a nerve fiber.
insulation
Which correctly describe axonal transport?
It involves transport of proteins within the axon (i.e. synaptic knob enzymes or proteins that maintain the axolemma).It is bidirectional (retrograde and anterograde transport).
True or false: Unmyelinated nerve fibers (axons) in the PNS are enveloped in Schwann cells.
TRUE: Although the Schwann cell's plasma membrane does not spiral repeatedly around the axon as it does when forming a myelin sheath, it does fold once around each axon to form the neurilemma.
______ cells protect the neurons and help them function.
Glial
Which is true about a neuron with a large diameter, myelinated axon as compared to a neuron with a small diameter, unmyelinated axon?
Signal conduction will be faster
Which types of glial cells are found in the CNS?
Astrocytes (most abundant, versatile, highly branched)Ependymal cellsOligodendrocytesMicroglia (small, monitor health)
The ______ (the cell body of a neuron) gives rise to branch-like processes called ______, which are the primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons.
neurosoma, dendrites
True or false: Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS regenerate very fast whereas damaged nerve fibers in the PNS never regenerate.
FALSE: Damaged nerve fibers in the CNS cannot regenerate at all, but since the CNS is enclosed in bone, it suffers less trauma than the PNS. Regeneration in the PNS is facilitated by Schwann cells. It may be a slow and not always perfect process.
The myelin sheath is composed mostly of which of the following?
Lipids
An electrical potential is a form of what type of energy?
Potential energy
An axon lacking a myelin sheath is said to be ______.
unmyelinated
Which of the following contributes to the development of the resting membrane potential in neurons?
K+ is more concentrated in the ICF than in the ECF.
Which factors influence the speed of nerve signal conduction?
Presence of myelinDiameter of axon
Which term refers to decremental changes in electrical potential along a dendrite or the soma?
local potentials
Match each glial cell type with its location and function.Instructions
0
Which are properties of action potentials?
Nondecremental (signal maintains amplitude)All or noneSelf-propagating
Which type of glial cell aids in regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers by forming a regeneration tube to help reestablish the former connection?
Schwann cells
The refractory period in which no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential is the ______ refractory period.
absolute
Which best describes an electrical potential?
A form of potential energy that can produce current
Indicate which of the following statements are true about signal conduction along unmyelinated fibers.
- A zone of depolarization excites voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.- Unmyelinated fibers have voltage-gated channels along their entire length.
Which ion has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential of most neurons?
potassium
At a synapse, the neuron that releases neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.
presynaptic
Which are characteristics of local potentials?
graded and decremental
In electrical synapses, electrical signals move quickly from cell to cell through which of the following?
gap junctions
True or false: Action potentials occur only where there are voltage-gated ion channels.
TRUE: If an excitatory local potential arrives at the trigger zone where the voltage-gated channels are more abundant, it can generate an action potential.
In a chemical synapse, synaptic vesicles full of neurotransmitter are docked at release sites on the membrane of the presynaptic neuron, while neurotransmitter receptors are found on the membrane of the ___ neuron
postsynaptic
Which term refers to the period of time after a nerve cell has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be excited by a threshold stimulus?
refractory period
Which statements characterize neurotransmitters?
-they are released in response to stimulation-they bind to receptors and alter the physiology of the postsynaptic cell.-they are synthesized by presynaptic neurons.
Which best describes signal conduction in unmyelinated axons?
A wave of depolarization opens more voltage-gated channels immediately distal to the action potential.
A cholinergic synapse uses which of the following as its neurotransmitter?
Acetylcholine
At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ______ neuron.
postsynaptic
True or false: Electrical synapses are able to integrate information and make decisions more rapidly than chemical signals.
FALSE: Electrical synapses have the advantage of quick transmission, but they cannot integrate information and make decisions.
Which would cause postsynaptic stimulation to end?
-enzymatic degradation of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft-diffusion of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft into ECF-cessation of signals in the presynaptic nerve fiber-reuptake of neurotransmitter into presynaptic knob
In a synapse, where are synaptic vesicles located?
axon terminal
Which alter synaptic transmission by adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmitters or by affecting the breakdown and/or removal of a neurotransmitter?
Neuromodulators
Select the four categories of neurotransmitters based on chemical composition.
MonoaminesAcetylcholineNeuropeptidesAmino acids
Which term refers to a synapse that releases acetylcholine from the presynaptic axon terminal?
Cholinergic
True or false: The more synapses a neuron has, the lesser its information-processing capability.
FALSE: Neural integration allows the nervous system to process information, store it, and make decisions. Chemical synapses are the decision-making devices of the system. The more synapses a neuron has, the greater its information-processing capability.
Which statements are true regarding postsynaptic potentials?
They include EPSPs and IPSPs.They are caused by neurotransmitters.They are changes in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic terminal of a chemical synapse.
Stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron will end when nerve signals stop arriving at the presynaptic axon terminal or when which of the following occurs?
Neurotransmitter is removed from postsynaptic receptors.
This picture illustrates a phenomenon that occurs in the trigger zone when multiple postsynaptic potentials combine their effects on a cell to produce a response. What is it called?
summation
How do neuromodulators alter synaptic transmission?
- Adjusting the sensitivity of postsynaptic neurons to neurotransmittersIncreasing the release of neurotransmitters by presynaptic neurons- Altering the breakdown and/or reuptake of neurotransmitter
This picture illustrates that when a stimulus strength (weight) and stretch increase at a sensory fiber, the firing frequency of the neurons increase. Which term refers to the conversion of stimulus information into a meaningful pattern of action potentials?
Neural coding
What is the role of neural pools in the CNS?
process information
Which term describes the ability of neurons to process information, store and recall it, and make decisions?
Neural integration
Neural integration is based on the combining together of which of the following?
Postsynaptic potentials
Looking up a new phone number and then dialing it from memory utilizes which type of memory?
working memory
There are two ways in which EPSPs can add up to produce enough activity to make a postsynaptic cell fire. They are temporal and spatial ___ sumination
...
How long can long-term memory last?
Up to a lifetime
The nervous system must interpret quantitative and qualitative information about its environment, thus it converts information to a meaningful pattern of action potentials. This process is called neural ___
coding
Declarative and procedural memory are two types of what?
Long-term memory
Which are characteristics of neural pools?
- They consist of complex patterns of interneurons.- They may be concerned with a particular body function.
Which type of memory allows you to remember things from up to a few hours ago?
Short-term
Which type of memory can store the most information?
Long-term
Which are types of long-term memory?
declarative and procedural
Short-term memory allows you to remember things for up to how long?
Hours