PHYSIO Lab Exam #1

Functions of mineral: Sulfur (S)

Component of some vitamins + proteins

Functions of mineral: Iron (Fe)

Part of hemoglobin

Functions of minerals: Sulfur + Iron

Component of some enzymes + electrons

Radioisotope

A radioactive isotope; unstable atom w/ variable numbers of neutrons

Electron

Negatively charged subatomic particle

Anion

Negatively charged atom

Isotope

Atom w/ same # of protons, different neutrons

Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle

Atomic Mass

Mass of protons + neutrons

Atomic Number

Equivalent to the number of protons

What is true regarding pH?

- Concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in Moles/Liter- pH = -Log [H+]

HCl

acid

NaOH

base

H2SO4

acid

Releases OH- in water

base

Releases H+ in water

acid

Which are correct about the atomic structure of oxygen?

- Forms 2 bonds in molecules- 8 protons- 8 electrons- 2 electrons needed to fill outer shell- Atomic weight = 16- Chemically active

Non-polar Covalent bond

EQUAL sharing of electrons // Covalent bond = sharing of electrons between NM + NM

Polar Covalent bond

UNEQUAL sharing of electrons

Hydrogen bond

Weakest bond; attraction between opposite charged regions of a particle

Ionic bond

Bonds formed by the TRANSFER of electrons between METAL + NONMETAL // attraction between OPPOSITELY charged ions

Match the elements with the # of protons:Carbon, Sodium, Chloride, Phosphorus, Calcium

Carbon - 6 protonsSodium - 11 protonsChloride - 17 protonsPhosphorus - 15 protons Calcium - 20 protons

Which is true regarding pH?

- pH is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles/liter- pH = -Log[H+]

What does a Biuret's test detect?

Protein, done by detecting peptide bonds

What is a positive and negative test for Biuret's?

PURPLE = positiveBlue = negative

What does a Lugol's Iodine (potassium) test detect?

Starch

What does a positive and negative Lugol's iodine test look like?

BLACK = positive orange/brown = negative

What does a Benedict's test detect?

Simple sugars, like glucose

What does a positive and negative Benedict's test look like?

RED = positiveBlue = negative - Requires heat energy to activate

#NAME?

Triglycerides

#NAME?

Phospholipids

#NAME?

Cholesterol

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes (lipids that are targets for inflammatory-blocking medications)

Eicosanoids

Biuret's: purple indicates?

Positive result

Biuret's: blue color indicates?

Negative result

Biuret's: 1% starch indicates?

Negative result

Biuret's: Egg white indicates?

Positive result

Biuret's: DW indicates?

Negative result

Benedict's: Blue color indicates?

Negative result

Benedict's: Red/orange color indicates?

Positive result

Benedict's: DW indicates?

Negative result

Benedict's: Egg whites indicates?

Negative result

Benedict's: starch indicates?

Negative result

Benedict's: Glucose indicates?

Positive result

Starch test (Lugol's): DW indicates?

Negative result

Starch test (Lugol's): Dark blue/black color indicates?

Positive result

Starch test (Lugol's): Orange/brown color indicates?

Negative result

Starch test (Lugol's): Egg white indicates?

Negative result

Starch test (Lugol's): Crackers indicates?

Positive result

Starch test (Lugol's): Honey indicates?

Negative result

Which test requires incubation in a hot water (95 degrees C) bath for analysis of results?

Benedict's test

Which would be the expected result when HONEY is diluted in water and Lugol's iodine is added?

Orange/blood color (negative)

What is the purpose of test tube #1 in each of the tests?

#NAME?

Graph the results of your experiment as a line graph. Independent variable? Dependent variable?(this experiment is about enzyme activity in maltose and starch)

Independent variable (x-axis): TemperatureDependent variable (y-axis): Amount of substrate

Use proper terminology to explain what happens to an enzyme when it is (A) TOO COLD and (b) too hot

(a) Cold: enzyme activity greatly slows; lower kinetic energy; enzymes shrink in size due to tightening bonds; change in shape = less effectiveness, can't fit substrate correctly = slower reaction rate

Use proper terminology to explain what happens to an enzyme when it is (a) too cold and (B) TOO HOT

(b) Hot: enzymes move extremely rapidly due to high kinetic energy; bonds break due to extreme movement; structure is disturbed and substrates cannot fit = no longer functional enzyme

Hypothesized results for a test tube with:- 1 mL DW, 5 mL starch, incubated at 37 degrees C

You can expect:- Negative control for glucose (this is what no glucose looks like thru Benedict's)- Positive control for starch (starch is present)- Positive Lugol's test (starch is present)- Negative Benedict's test (glucose not present)

What is the purpose of the equilibration step in each test tube before mixing? Select all that apply

Equilibrium prevents false results due to variation in temperature between solutions at room temp & the resting temperature

Select the characteristics of enzymes and enzyme function:

#NAME?

Match the experimental variable with the effect on amylase activity:0 degrees celsius

#NAME?

Match the experimental variable with the effect on amylase activity:37 degrees C

#NAME?

Match the experimental variable with the effect on amylase activity:100 degrees C

#NAME?

What is the purpose of test tube 1?

#NAME?

How is the secretion of pancreatic juice controlled?

#NAME?

What protease is secreted by the STOMACH and how is it activated?

#NAME?

Which protease is secreted by the PANCREAS and how is it activated?

#NAME?

What is pancreatitis and the most common causes?

Trauma; inflammation of the liver; cystic fibrosis; excess alcohol consumption; gall stones; inflammation of the pancreas

Which is true regarding hormonal control of BILE SECRETION & pancreatic juice during the digestive process?

#NAME?

What is referred pain and is this seen in patients with acute pancreatitis?

#NAME?

Which are true regarding the means that PROTEASES are activated in the stomach & small intestine?

#NAME?

Endocrine or exocrine:Glucagon secretion

Endocrine

Endocrine or exocrine:Trypsinogen secretion

Exocrine

Endocrine or exocrine:Amylase secretion

Exocrine

Endocrine or exocrine:Insulin secretion

Endocrine

Endocrine or exocrine:Lipase secretion

Exocrine

Common symptoms, signs, and laboratory findings associated with acute pancreatitis

Increased white blood cell count, clay colored stools, mid-epigastric pain and tenderness, vomiting, fever, nausea, increased lipase and amylase

Graph time on the x-axis and distance (mm) of dye movement on the y-axis

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Provide two explanations as to why glucose is stored as glycogen despite the added energy costs

- Glucose CANNOT be stored as glucose because:(1) Glucose is soluble and can upset osmotic pressure; it would draw water INTO the cell and disturb water balance(2) Glucose would be readily used by the cell for ATP production, therefore it would be hard to accumulate(3) Glucose is small and can more easily leave the cell storage- GLYCOGEN is better because:(1) It is insoluble, and would not create osmotic changes as increasing amounts are stored in the cell(2) Glycogen is large and would not readily leave the cell(3) Because glycogen has to be broken down for energy production, it can be accumulated and stored, aka not immediately available

Based on the results of the diffusion experiment which of the following is true?

#NAME?

Which are true regarding simple diffusion?

#NAME?

Select all that are true regarding facilitated diffusion

#NAME?

Select all of the following that are true regarding primary active transport

#NAME?

A 500 ml beaker is filled with 300 ml of distilled water. Dialysis tubing (similar to that used in the osmosis/diffusion experiments in lab 4- activity 2) is filled with a solution containing: 10% protein, 10 % glucose, 10 % starch dissolved in water.Based on the results of of the experiments in lab 4, select all of the following that are true regarding the movement of molecules in this experiment.

#NAME?

Solute concentration OUTSIDE the cell is GREATER than solute conc. inside the cell

Hypertonic solution

Solute concentration OUTSIDE the cell is LESS than solute conc. inside the cell

Hypotonic solution

Water concentration is GREATER INSIDE the cell than outside the cell

Hypertonic solution

Water concentration is the SAME inside as it is outside

Isotonic solution

Water concentration is LESS INSIDE the cell than it is outside

Hypotonic solution

Water concentration outside the cell is the SAME as solute concentration inside the cell

Isotonic solution

Normal RBCs are placed in a HYPOtonic solution.With regards to salt and water movement, which of the following will take place within the first 5 minutes? Select all that apply.

#NAME?

Which of the following are true regarding movement through the cell membrane?

#NAME?

Select all that are true regarding the Na+/K+ pump

- 3 Na+ move out of the cell- Requires energy- Increases Na+ outside of the cell / Increases K+ inside the cell

Transport protein needed?Carbon dioxide

No transport molecule needed

Transport protein needed?Oxygen

No transport molecule needed

Transport protein needed?Glucose

Protein transport needed

Transport protein needed?Lipids

No transport molecule needed

Transport type?Water

No transport molecule needed

Transport type?Amino acids

Protein transport needed

Transport type?Calcium

Protein transport needed

Transport type?Sodium

Protein transport needed

Which are true regarding aquaporins?

#NAME?

A large amount of fluid loss from the body, as in the case of protracted vomiting and diarrhea would result in which of the following? Select all that apply.

#NAME?

If glucose transporters are not available, how would this affect cellular respiration in the cell?

#NAME?

Which of the following are NOT TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump?

- creates a concentration gradient for K+ ions (higher K+ outside) = FALSE- 2 Na+ ions outward, 3 K+ ions inward = FALSE- creates an electrochemical gradient (+ inside and - outside membrane) = FALSE

Explain how Calcium levels are regulated, e.g., what hormone is released when blood calcium levels are high AND how exactly are they lowered. AS WELL AS what hormone is released when blood calcium levels are low and exactly how are they raised?

Hypercalcemia is the condition that occurs when calcium ion levels in the blood rise higher than normal. As a result, the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland release calcitonin. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity in the bone, which means the osteoblasts, "bone-building" cells, are able to continue depositing calcium ions into bone without restriction, and thus restore calcium ion levels. More bone means more calcium.On the other hand, low blood calcium is regulated by a negative feedback loop in which the stimulus is abnormally low blood calcium levels. This is detected by the chief cells of the parathyroid gland, which then release parathyroid hormone. With many functions, this hormone increases calcium ion release by stimulating osteoclast activity, increases absorption of dietary calcium ions in the small intestine, and lastly, increases absorption of calcium ions from kidney fluid. All of these ways bring blood calcium levels back to a level suitable for supporting homeostasis.- As blood levels decrease back to normal there is less secretion of calcitonin-negative feedback

Uses high-frequency sound waves to produce a 2D or 3D image

Ultrasound

Uses radiation creating a 2D image

Conventional

Uses radiation at various angles to creates 2D images that can be generated into a 3D image

CT (computed tomography)

Uses magnetic fields and radiowaves to create 3D images

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

Functional imaging process using radioactive tracers to create computer generated images

PET (positron emission tomography)

Which are advantages of using MRI on a patient?

#NAME?

Which are TRUE when comparing conventional radiography and CT scanning? Select all that apply

- CT is more expensive than CR- CT allows for 3D imaging, CR is only 2D- Both should NOT be used for children and pregnant women- CT exposes the patient to more radiation than CR

Which are the advantages of using ULTRASOUND on a patient?

#NAME?

Which are the advantages of PET scan imaging?

#NAME?

(A) Signalment: 55 yr. old female, menopausalPC: chronic pain in the RT shoulderPE: WNL except non-localized, pain on palpation of axillary area, and rotational movement of the RT shoulder.Select your first choice for diagnostic imaging?

Conventional radiographs

(B) A soft tissue mass was detected in the axillary region on radiograph images.What would be your next choice of diagnostic imaging?

MRI and CT scan

An MRI reveals a mediastinal mass. You suspect neoplasia. Biopsy shows lymphoma. You would like to evaluate the whole body for metastasis and staging.What would be your next choice of diagnostic imaging?

PET scan

Signalment: 30 yr. old male,PC: acute RT knee pain during exercise, joint seems unstablePE: WNL except pain on palpation of RT medial femoral tibial joint. Positive RT drawer sign.What would be your first choice of diagnostic imaging?

Conventional radiographs

Signalment: 30 yr. old male,PC: acute RT knee pain during exercise, joint seems unstablePE: WNL except pain on palpation of RT medial femoral tibial joint. Positive RT drawer sign.After first diagnostic image, bony structures appear WNL.What would be your the best 2 options for the next diagnostic imaging?

MRI, CT scan

Signalment: 13 yr. old malePC: acute abdominal pain RT lower quadrant, fever 102.3 F, vomitingPE: WNL except, mild dehydration, pain on palpation of RT lower abdomen, rebound tendernessWhat would be your first 2 choices of diagnostic imaging?

Ultrasound, MRI

Signalment: 30 yr. old female, pregnant 20 weeksPC: healthy pregnancyPE: WNLWhat would be your first choice of routine, diagnostic imaging for the fetus?

Ultrasound

Signalment: 30 yr. old female, pregnant 20 weeksPC: healthy pregnancyPE: WNLWhat types of imaging would be CONTRAINDICATED in this patient?

Conventional radiographs, PET scan, CT scan (which methods to NOT use)

Explain how significant damage caused by third degree burns would be expected to disrupt homeostasis in the human body. Be sure to include which skin layers/structures are damaged specifically correlate this with the loss of function.

#NAME?

Which of the following is NOT a factor in skin color?

Calcium levels

Which of the following are true regarding albinism?

#NAME?

Which of the following are true regarding Pacinian corpuscles? (these respond to changes in deep pressure and vibration applied to the skin)

#NAME?

Which of the following are true regarding MELANOCYTES?

#NAME?

Complete the following:Larger receptive fields correlate with:

Less sensory detail perceived at the brain

What is true about thermoreceptors?

#NAME?

Which of the following are true regarding Meissner's corpusles?

#NAME?

Mega

M; 1,000,000; million

Hecto

h; 100; one hundred

Kilo

k; 1,000; one thousand

Deka

da; 10, ten

Deci

d; 0.1; tenTH

Centi (think "century")

c; 0.01; hundredTH

Milli

m; 0.001; thousandTH

Micro

µ; 0.000001; millionTH

Nano

n; 0.000000001; billionTH

Freezing point of water

0°C = 32°F

Boiling point of water

100°C = 212°F

Normal body and blood temperature

Body: 36.5-37°CBlood: 37°C

Where are fluids absorbed?

Plasma in intestines

Where are excess fluids and electrolytes lost? Via what?

Lost in the kidneys via urine

Name four of the six functions of water

1. Maintain body temperature2. Protective cushion3. Lubricant4. Reactant5. Transport

The amount of water in the body depends on the amount of

Fat tissue

Person with the HIGHEST percentage of water

Newborns, 73%

Person with the LOWEST percentage of water

Older people; 43%

Three fluid compartments

Intracellular, plasma, interstitial

Perfect of total body water in:- Intracellular fluid department- Plasma fluid compartment- Interstitial fluid compartment

-1

Example of ions/electrolytes:

Sodium, chloride, potassium, proteins

Example of colloids: (a mixture in which the substances are in different phases but the particles will NOT SETTLE when left undisturbed)

Proteins

Example of nonelectrolytes:

Glucose

Extracellular cations

Sodium

Intracellular cations

Potassium

Intracellular ANIONS

Protein and phosphate

Name four of six functions of electrolytes

#NAME?

3 Major nutrient classes

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

3 disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose(two glucose monomers)

What is starch?

Many glucose monomers, a complex polysaccharide

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Protein monomers are

amino acids

Breakdown products of triglycerides include

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

T/F: Pepsin is INACTIVATED in the duodenum

TRUE

T/F: Most water and salts are absorbed in the small intestines

TRUE

T/F: The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small intestines

TRUE

The final digestion of carbohydrates is accomplished with ____ enzymes

brush border enzymes- sucrase- dextrinase- glucoamylase

3 main substances the large intestine absorbs

Salt, water, vitamins

Factors that influence diffusion rate

- Size of diffusing particles- Size of concentration gradient - Phase of diffusing particles (gas > liquid > solid)- Temperature- Medium through which particles diffuse- Presence of barrier- Permeability of membrane

Calcium ion functions

#NAME?

Blood calcium ion level management: NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP

- Stimulus: blood Ca2+ decreases below normal range- Receptor: Parathyroid gland- Control center: (action) Parathyroid gland releases PTH into blood- Effector/response: Osteoblasts resorb bone; kidney's retain Ca2+; intestines absorb Ca2+

Segmentation

Intestinal churning involving contractions of the circular muscle

Protein (polymer)

Amino acids (monomers); composed of alpha (central) carbon linked to an amine group, carboxyl, hydrogen atom, and side chain.

Lipids (polymer)

Fatty acids (monomer); composed of a chain of carbons, with hydrogens surrounding them and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end.

Carbohydrates (polymer)

Monosaccharides (monomers); composed of either a pentose or hexose, one hydroxyl group, and (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen).

DNA (polymer)

Nucleotides (monomers); composed of a sugar molecule (ex deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base (A and T-2, G and C-3).