The set of phenotypic differences between males and females of a species is called ________.
sexual dimorphism
The form of natural selection that leads to an increase in the frequency of alleles which promote the fitness of genetic relatives is called ________.
kin selection
Your textbook authors make the claim that "sympatric species with matching chromosome numbers are rare." Why is this?
because coexisting populations need a boundary to gene flow before divergence can occur, and differences in chromosome numbers provide this
Suppose a founding population has an allelic frequency not typical of the original population. Which of the following effects would most likely lead to homogenization (between founder and original population)?
migration between the original and founding populations
Which of the following statements on observational approaches for testing adaptation is false?
They are usually more powerful than experimental approaches.
#1/3Kerstin Johannesson and colleagues (1995) studied two populations of a marine snail living in the intertidal zone on the shore of Ursholmen Island. Each year, the researchers determined the allele frequencies for a particular enzyme. There data are shown in the figure below. The first year of the study was 1987. In 1988, a bloom of toxic algae killed all of the snails in the intertidal zone across the entire island. That is why there are no data for 1988 and 1989. Although the snails living in the intertidal zone were exterminated by the bloom, snails of the same species living in the splash zone just above the intertidal zone survived unscathed. By 1990, the intertidal zone had been recolonized by splash zone snails. Use this information and the figure below to answer the following question. Note: There may be multiple correct answers, but you must choose the best answer.Question 1/3: Why was the frequency of Aat120 allele higher in both populations in 1990 than it was in 1987?
Migration
#2/3Kerstin Johannesson and colleagues (1995) studied two populations of a marine snail living in the intertidal zone on the shore of Ursholmen Island. Each year, the researchers determined the allele frequencies for a particular enzyme. There data are shown in the figure below. The first year of the study was 1987. In 1988, a bloom of toxic algae killed all of the snails in the intertidal zone across the entire island. That is why there are no data for 1988 and 1989. Although the snails living in the intertidal zone were exterminated by the bloom, snails of the same species living in the splash zone just above the intertidal zone survived unscathed. By 1990, the intertidal zone had been recolonized by splash zone snails. Use this information and the figure below to answer the following question. Note: There may be multiple correct answers, but you must choose the best answer.Question 2/3: Why did the allele frequency decline in both populations from 1990 and 1993?
Natural Selection
#3/3Kerstin Johannesson and colleagues (1995) studied two populations of a marine snail living in the intertidal zone on the shore of Ursholmen Island. Each year, the researchers determined the allele frequencies for a particular enzyme. There data are shown in the figure below. The first year of the study was 1987. In 1988, a bloom of toxic algae killed all of the snails in the intertidal zone across the entire island. That is why there are no data for 1988 and 1989. Although the snails living in the intertidal zone were exterminated by the bloom, snails of the same species living in the splash zone just above the intertidal zone survived unscathed. By 1990, the intertidal zone had been recolonized by splash zone snails. Use this information and the figure below to answer the following question. Note: There may be multiple correct answers, but you must choose the best answer.Question 3/3: Why are the curves from 1990-1993 similar but not exactly identical?
Random Genetic Drift
From the figure below, one can deduce that larger genomes ...
tend to have a lesser proportion of coding DNA than smaller genomes.
The data of Huey and colleagues (1989) on thermoregulation in garter snakes is an example of the ________ method evolutionary biologists use to test hypotheses about adaptations.
observational
Social interaction between animals that benefits both the actor and the recipient is known as ________.
mutualism
Which of the following factors should make females the choosier sex? (Choose all correct answers.)
Eggs are expensive and rare compared to sperm.Females tend to invest more time and energy in gestation time and/or brood care.
In a species, you hypothesize that the size of prey items provided as nuptial gifts by males to females is under sexual selection by the direct benefit model. Which of the following observations would support your hypothesis? (Choose all that would apply).
For a male, an increase in copulation time increases the number of eggs fertilized.The size of the prey item is correlated with female fitness.For a male, an increase in copulation time increases the number of sperm transferred.
Which of the following correctly complete the statement, "Reciprocal altruism directed toward non-kin may evolve when _______________"?
individuals can recognize and remember other individuals
Choose the incorrect statement regarding adaptation from the following:
If a trait is adaptive, it will perfectly fit a need that confers an evolutionary advantage.
The method used to plot the divergence that arises between sister species as they evolve farther and farther from their common ancestor is termed ________.
phylogenetically independent contrasts
Which of the following is not an obvious curb on adaptation?
Phenotypic plasticity.
Sexual selection... (choose all that apply)
... is a special case of natural selection.... doesn't need sexual dimorphism to exist.
Bateman gradients describes ...
... how reproductive success is explained by mating success.
One of the keys to understanding altruistic behavior is that ________.
other members of the population will share alleles with the "actor
In birds, a mature individual who stays with its parents to raise its siblings instead of reproducing is called ______.
a helper
A population of lizards is split by an earthquake which leaves half of the population on an island and the other half on the tip of the peninsula. These lizards can't swim. What type of speciation will likely occur?
vicariant allopatric speciation
The fact that parents' and offspring fitness are not optimal at the same level of parental investment is an example of ______.
parent-offspring conflict
Choose the correct statement regarding adaptation from the following:
Some observed traits may not be adaptive, but are simply due to the process of genetic drift.
How do you call the theory that explains why male ornamentation can be an honest indicator of their genetic quality?
Condition-dependent handicap