Occasional drug use:
excites the limbic system and interferes with the prefrontal cortex
Identity v Confusion
Erikson's term for the 5th stage of development.-The person is trying to figure out "who am I?"but is confused about which of the many possible roles to adopt.
Erikson's 5th psychosocial crisis
working through the complexities of finding one's own identity is the primary task of adolescence. Crisis resolved with IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT.
Identity Achievement
Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans
identity
a consistent definition of one's self as a unique individual, in terms of roles, attitudes, beliefs, and aspirations
Role confusion (erickson identity diffusion)
a situation where an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his/her identity is
James Marcis-4 ways people cope with identity crisis
1-role confusion2-foreclosure3-moratorium4-achievement
Role confusion (identity diffusion) is the
opposite of achievement-see no goals or purpose in life, flounder, unable to move forward
Identity Foreclosure
Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis
Moratorium
An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.
In foreclosure, some adolescents do the
opposite-focus on an oppositional negative identity, rejecting all their elders values without without thoughtful questioning.
Foreclosure is _____________but________________.
Comfortable, Limiting
Time out for exploration, trying many things (breadth) or following one path with a tentative commitment(depth), 18 plus usually
moratorium
Four Areas of Identity Achievement
1. Religious Identity2. Gender Identity3. Political/Ethnic Identity4. Vocational Identity
Gender identity
a person's acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with the biological categories of male and female
sexual orientation
A term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex, or both sexes.
Religious Identity
although becoming more of less devout is common, major shifts in religious identity are rare. Many adolescents question aspects of their faith, but their religious identity is similar to that of their parents.
Religious identity is not something most teenagers:
achieve, ofter remaining in active moratorium or foreclosing on a parent's faith without active questioning
Sometimes a gender identity crisis becomes:
the pathological condition called sexual identity disorder
Political values have become more influenced by
ethnic loyalty-identity politics
vocational identity is rarely achieved until age
25-tons to choose from, search for meaningful and satisfying work
Ethnic Identity-process in stages
#NAME?
Conflicts with parents
Parent-adolescent conflict typically peaks in early adolescence and is more a sign of attachment than of distance
Bickering
petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing
Neglect
although teenagers may act like they don't need their parents, neglect can be very destructive.
Cisgender
term used when gender identity and/or expression aligns with the sex assigned at birth
gender dysphoria
people distressed with their biological gender
Closeness within the family
1. Communication: do the parents and teens talk openly with each other2. Support: do they rely on one another3. Connectedness: how emotionally close are they4. Control: do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy
familism
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success, if necessary, in order to preserve family unity.
parental monitoring
parents' ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom
In a warm supportive relationship of parental monitoring
there are positive consequences. Adolescents usually become confident, well educated adults, avoiding drugs and risk
When parents are overly strict in monitoring (cold, strict, punitive)
there are negative consequences such as rebellion
Psychological Control
this is the worst, a disciplinary technique in which parents make a child feel guilty and impose gratefulness by threatening to withdraw love and support
clique
a small group of adolescents made up of close friends who are usually loyal to one another while excluding outsiders
Crowd
A larger group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends.
peer pressure
Encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
Selection
Teenagers select friends whose values and interests they share, abandoning friends who follow other paths.
Facilitation
peers facilitate both destructive and constructive behaviors in one another-makes it easier to do both the right and wrong thing-helps individuals do things that they would be unlikely to do on their own
deviancy training
destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms
the most influential peers are those
that are nearby at the moment
Teenagers select friends whose
values and interests they share, abandoning former friends who follow other paths
Friends facilitate
destructive or constructive behavior
Sequence of male-female relationships during childhood and adolescence
#NAME?
Straight Romances
#NAME?
Gay Romances
-Many do not acknowledge their sexual orientations-National and peer culture often make the homosexual feel ashamed-many gay youth date people of the opposite sex to hide true orientation-higher rates clinical depression, drug abuse, suicide-true number lgbtq youth unknown
Sex EducationLearning from peers:
adolescent sexual behavior is strongly influenced by peers, depending on group (all virgins or all sexually active)
Sex education from parents
parents often underestimate the need for information and wait to talk until they are already in a romantic relationship
the most significant correlates of parent/child sex ed conversations are:
gender and age-parents more likely to talk about sex with daughters, and older adolescents (over 15)
Effective sex education must engage
emotions and peer support
Sex ed programs in schools-most effective should:
#NAME?
Adolescent sexual activity most dependent on
family, peers, cultural community
Self esteem for boys and girls
dips at pubertySigns of depression are common36% of girls and 21% of boys experienced depressed symptoms within the past year
clinical depression
feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two weeks or more
20% of females and 10% of males experience
clinical depression-causes for this gender gap may be biological, psychological, and social
Cognitive explanation of depression
Rumination
Rumination
repeatedly thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression-more common in females
suicidal ideation
thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive suggestions
Adolescent suicudal ideation is
common-completed suicides are not
cluster suicides
a series of suicides occurring within a short period of time and involving several people in the same school or community
parasuicide
any potentially lethal action against the self that does not result in death- parasuicide is common, completed suicide is not
Gender differences in adolescent suicide
suicide rate 4X higher among male teens in US that female teens
cluster suicides are influenced by
media and peer reports of another person's suicide
Reasons for gender difference with suicide
#NAME?
Increased anger during puberty is:
normal, but most adolescents express their anger in acceptable ways
Steady aggression throughout childhood and aggression is a
warning sign
externalizing actions
slam doors, cursing, part of boys acting out by breaking law-property damage, stealing, injuring others
internalizing behaviors
behaviors by which emotional problems are turned inward; for example, anxiety or depression
Juvenile deliquent
a person under the age of 18 who breaks the law
adolescence-limited offender
a person whose criminal activity stops by age 21
life-course-persistent offender
a person whose criminal activity typically begins in early adolescence and continues throughout life; a career criminalcause-neurological impairment-either inborn or caused by early experiences
3 Signs predict delinquency
stubbornness-can lead to defiance which can lead to running awayshoplifting-can lead to arson&burglary-things become more important than peoplebullying-lead to assault, rape, murder
Hormonal surges, brain's reward center, cognitive immaturity make adolescents particularly attracted to
the sensations produced by psychoactive drugs
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moodsdrugs that activate the brain cig, alcohol, prescription drugs, cocaine, heroin
drugs become widespread between________and ___________and then decreases
10 and 25
Drug use before age _ is the best predictor oflater drug use
18
Nations have very different rates of adolescent drug use due in part to
different laws
Cohort differences in drug use:
-drug use among adolescents has decreases since 1976-adolescent culture may have a greater effect on drug taking than laws do-most US adolescents have experimented with drug use-most US adolescents are NOT regular drug users, 20% NEVER use drugs-rates very from state to state
Adolescent boys generally use more drugs and use them
more frequently
Gender differenced in drug use are reinforced by:
social constructions about proper male and female behavior (if I don't smoke I'm not a real man)
Harm of tobacco
#NAME?
Harm of marijuana
#NAME?
Most frequently abused drug of North American teens
Alcohol
Middleschool boys are particularly vulnerable to the use of
inhalant drugs
____________is a powerful factor in adolescent drug use.
Peer influence
Another factor of adolescent drug use is the immaturity of
the brain's prefrontal cortex, which makes teenagers more likely to seek states of excitement
Heavy drinking may impair:
memory and self control, by damaging the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex
Alcohol allows momentary denial of:
Problems, which become worse because they have been ignored and more alcohol is needed
Drug use is progressive, the first use is usually in a
social gathering
Few adolescent drug users are addicts
but occasional drug use can lead to addiction.
the younger a person is when beginning drug use
the more likely addiction will occur
Occasional drug use
excites the limbic system and interferes with the prefrontal cortex
drug users are more__________and less____________.
emotional, reflective
Alcohol impairs memory and self control by
damaging the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, perhaps distorting reward circuits of the brain lifelong
adolescence is a sensitive period for
alcohol use-regions of he brain connected to pleasure are more strongly affected by alcohol during adolescence than later ages.
generational forgetting
the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned