Habitual Biped
Can walk easily on two legs, but still spend lots of time and sleep on trees
Obligate Biped
Only "real" locomotion is by walking on two legs, walking on two feet is the only way, most efficient, any other way is a pain in the ass
Perikymata
Minute transverse ridges on the surface of the enamel of a tooth. Small developemental ridges of enamel detectable with an explorer and visible on the labial surface of teeth
Thermoregulation
Is the process that allows the human body to maintain its core internal temperature, Maintaining body temperature
Encephalization
An evolutionary increase in the complexity or relative size of the brain, involving a shift of function from noncortical parts of the brain to the cortex. Amount of brain mass related to an animal's total body mass
Wernike's Area
The area of the brain associated with speech production
Broca's Area
The area if the brain associated with speech comprehension
Osteodontrokeratic
A tool that is made out of bone teeth or corn
Core/ Flake
The core is the rock or stone that is being made into a tool, and flakes are pieces that are brake off of the core when turning into tool
Ileret Footprints
Human-like gait and near identical footprints to humans, walked exactly the same as modern human. First solid evidence of fully modern walking
Nariolotome Boy
11year old, found in Kenya. Increased in height (6ft, as an adult in Africa, average was 5.5 or higher). Big brain: 900cc and longer legs and short arms.
Movius Line
The imaginary line that divides H. erectus into east and west, it shows the sign of migration eastward from Africa
Levallois Techniques
Used to make middle Paleolitic stone tools. Apears in Africa 300kya. 1:start with a stone core, 2: core is chipped around the perimeterm 3: one strike remains a single useable point
Cro-magnon Man
In 1868, a geologist discovered skeletons in a rockshelter in Cro-Magnon, France. These remains are anatomically modern, with a number of distinct features from Neanderthals's including a high vertical forehead, flat brow ridges, a much narrower nasal ape
Composite Tool
A prehistoric knife typically included a handle or shaft, a chipped stone blade, and binding materials such as glue to hold the blade firmly in place
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis
6-7 MYA Found in West Africa, Chad, small cranial capacity, large brow, small teeth, bipedal skull, one of the oldest human ancestors. Lived in a forest setting, canines had wear on the tip, nonhoning
Ardipitecus Ramidus
Earliest bipeds that lived in forested portions of eastern africa about 4 million years ago. Wooded setting, had curved phalanges
Australopithecus anamensis
4.2 to 3.9 mya in Ethiopia/Kenya; bipedalism (tibia and parallel ankle joint evidence), small canines. Wooded setting, had curved phalanges
Orrorin tugenensis
A preaustralopithecine species found in Kenya that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism. Lived in a forest setting, canines had wear on the tip, nonhoning
A. platyops
Kenya, 3.5mya. Flat face, small brain, contemporary with a. afarensis. lived in woodedland
A. afarensis
Hyoid like apes, mondible larger in earlier laetoli than in later hardar, smaller canine than in eatlier species, Short legs
a. africanus
south africa. 3-2mya
small brain, equal size cusps on third premolar, phalanges not curved, ape like leg-to-arm ratio (short legs, long arms)
Australopithecus garhi
ethiopia 2.5mya
small brain 450cc, larger teeth, and equal sized cusps, ratio of upper arm length to upper leg length more human like than ape like, curved foot phalanges (like afarensis), lived in grasslands and on lakeshores, tool maker/user
Australopithecus boisei
Tanzania and Kenya 2.3-1.2mya
Small brain 510cc, massive posterior teeth, robust skull with sagittal crest, lived in open grasslands
Australopithecus aethiopicus
kenya 2.5mya, small brain 410cc, massive posterior teeth, robust skull with sagittal crest, lived in open grasslands
Australopithecus robustus
small brain, but bigger than before 530cc, massive posterior teeth, robust skull with sagittal crest, lived in open grasslands
Australopithecus sediba
Smaller brain 420cc, with a small australopitecine-like Skelton, relatively small teeth, gracile face and jaws, phalanges not curved, short fingers, long thumbs for precision grip, long arms, homo-like pelvis, lived in open grasslands
Darwin's Hunting hypothesis
Hominids emerged to hunt; bipedalism freed the hands to carry weapons; big brains allowed for weapon use. This is not the case
Patchy Forest Hypothesis
Bipedalism developed as an energetically efficient way to move between patches of forest. Freed hand to pick up food allowing for both tree and ground food resources to be exploited
Provisioning Hypothesis
Freeing the hands was important in allowing males to assist females more efficiently in procuring food. "Provisioning" acting as a form of sexual competition among males for females
Fruit Picking Hypothesis
Bipedalism evolved to allow apes to reach low-hangong fruit within the canopy
Flooded Forest Hypothesis
Bipedalism evolved to cross flooded patches of forest
Canine honing complex
The dental form in which the upper canine are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are closed.
Cost of Bipedalism
Balancing during pregnancy and increasingly difficult to pass skull through the birth canal. Lots of weight on nerves and blood vessels of the pelvis
Oldwan
Found in Ethiopia dating 2.6mya, lower Paleolithic Started with A. Garhi and late H. habilis, their body types were ape-like, short and chunky because big bellies= diet of leaves=technology. Used to scavenge.
Acheulian
Tool culture of Homo erectus and archaic H. sapiens. Pear-shaped hand axes. Hunting= access to meat
Middle Paleolithic
Homo sapiens neanderthalensis invented this for hunting with physical strength
Upper Paleolithic
Homo sapiens sapiens, microlithic, tools were made thinner and more uniform
Out-of Africa Hypothesis
This model argues that modern H. Sapiens migrated from Africa to Asia and Europe. Once in Asia and Europe, they replaced indigenous late archaic H. Sapiens, including Neanderthals in Europe and western Asia. No breeding. Humans are genetically very simila
Multiregional Continuity Hypothesis
This model argues that modern H. Sapiens regionally in each place: Africa, Asia and Europe. Consistent interbreeding across the old world. Homo erectus-evolved in Africa and speads, erectus evloves into archaic H. Sapiens everywhere. Modern human and past
Assimilation Hypothesis
Modern humans evolved in Africa and spread to Europe and Asia, where they dominated and interbred with Neanderthals
Use of Fire
Homo erectus, in South Africa clay was found that had been heated to 400 degrees and burned bones. 400kya-790kya in china: burned bones and ash, fire stone tools. Evidence is also the cooked clay that was found
Defleshing of Dead
Homo erectus, Bodo skull, Ethiopia. Cut marks suggest removal of flesh, the author in the book thinks it was ritual or canabolism
Loss of Hair
Homo erectus, loss of hair would facilitate sweating. Human public lice and gorilla lice diverged 3mya. We may have pucked up gorilla lice (which are close relative of human public lice) from sleeping in gorilla nests
Definite Cannibalism
Homo erectus small linear marks on the left cheek around the eye caused by stone tool
Long-term care of injured
They found skeletons that had diseases. But the skeletons should have died off sooner than they did giving reason to think that the name hominid took care of them and started making a more family setting caring for each other unlike primates today where n