BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-7)Which letter in the figure best represents only a depolarizing graded potential in the presence of light.Select one:a. IIIb. Ic. IId. IV

Which statement about the mammalian vomeronasal organ is true?Select one:a. It mostly detects pheromones and other chemical signals.b. It detects chemicals from greater distances than olfaction does.c. It integrates the olfactory information before sending it to the brain.d. It interacts with the olfactory system to amplify the signal.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

How were extracellular ion concentrations manipulated in the experiments supporting the theory of quantal release of neurotransmitters?Select one:a. Ca2+ was absent in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release no vesicles.b. Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles.c. Ca2+ was increased in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release many vesicles.d. Mg2+ replaced Ca2+ in the extracellular fluid so that action potentials would release few vesicles.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

In the ear, low-frequency sounds tend to displaceSelect one:a. mainly the apex portion of the basilar membrane.b. only the portion of the basilar membrane between the basal portion and the apex.c. mainly the basal portion (oval window end) of the basilar membrane.d. the whole length of the basilar membrane equally.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

The major excitatory neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter in a moth isSelect one:a. GABA.b. glutamate.c. acetylcholine.d. glycine.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement regarding postsynaptic potentials is true?Select one:a. In a neuromuscular synapse, the main neurotransmitter is glutamate.b. In a neuromuscular synapse, Na+ is the main ion producing the EPSP.c. In a CNS neural synapse, serotonin produces an IPSP.d. In a CNS neural synapse, K+ is the main ion producing the EPSP.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement regarding the mechanism of vesicular docking and release is false?Select one:a. Targeted vesicles move to active zones where they attach reversibly.b. Docking is mediated by the formation of a SNARE complex.c. Fusion is triggered by the binding of Ca2+ to syntaxin.d. The v-SNAREs and t-SNARES interact to hold the vesicle at the release site.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which of the following would not be considered synaptic plasticity?Select one:a. Reducing voltage gated Na+ channels on the neuronb. Increasing the amount of neurotransmitter released from an action potentialc. Increasing the number of receptors on the postsynaptic membraned. Altering the amount of calcium entering the cell at the presynaptic terminus

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below.What electrical outcome on the membrane is the end result of the mechanism shown in the figure?Select one:a. A metabotropic responseb. Depolarizationc. An action potentiald. Hyperpolarization

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement regarding the regeneration of rhodopsin in vertebrates is false?Select one:a. An added photon is necessary to change all-trans retinal back to all-cis retinal.b. All-trans retinal becomes unbound from the opsin protein.c. Regeneration of rhodopsin is enzymatic.d. All-trans retinol is re-isomerized back to all-cis retinol

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement best describes the vertebrate vestibular system?Select one:a. Four canals, including the cochlea, detect indirect movement of hair cells.b. A circular canal detects movement via fluid that stimulates the oval window.c. The incus, malleus, and stapes detect movement by amplifying sound to the oval window.d. Three semicircular canals detect movement via fluid that stimulates hair cells in the crista ampullaris.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

The family of GPCRs that sense bitter compounds is much larger and more disparate in amino acid sequence than those that sense sweet or umami. Why might this be adaptive?Select one:a. Bitter compounds usually contain dense calories, which help a species survive and thrive.b. Bitter receptors do not have to be as sensitive as those for sweet or umami.c. The ability to distinguish between many bitter compounds allows the animal to eat the one most agreeable to its digestive system.d. Bitter compounds are usually toxic, and so the ability to sense a wide variety of them is protective.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 13-4)What are the best titles for Panel 1 and Panel 2?Select one:a. Panel 1 = Synapse EPSP; Panel 2 = Gill contractionb. Panel 1 = Synapse EPSP; Panel 2 = Head EPSPc. Panel 1 = Skin PSP; Panel 2 = Gill contractiond. Panel 1 = Motor-neuron EPSP; Panel 2 = Gill withdrawal

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement about bat navigation is true?Select one:a. Bats emit high-frequency sound pulses and detect the echoes reflected by the objects around them.b. Bats emit ultra-low-frequency sound pulses and detect the echoes reflected by the objects around them.c. In addition to detecting echoes from sound emissions, bats have keen night vision.d. Bats navigate by detecting sounds from animals and those reflected by the objects around them.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Fast IPSPs result mainly from a(n) _______ in permeability to _______.Select one:a. decrease; Na+b. increase; Na+c. increase; Cl-d. increase; K+

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 13-2)What is entering the cell at III?Select one:a. Serotoninb. Ca2+c. K+d. Na+

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement regarding the vertebrate hair cell is false?Select one:a. The vertebrate hair cell is an epithelial cell.b. Displacement away from the kinocilium produces a hyperpolarization.c. When displaced enough toward the kinocilium, the hair cell will produce a train of action potentials.d. Displacement toward the kinocilium produces a depolarization.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-6)If the top panel (activity trace) of the figure is the result of light shining in the center of the receptive field, which of the following is true?Select one:a. The entire receptive field has been inhibited.b. This is likely an off-center cell response.c. This is likely an on-center cell response.d. Central illumination has increased activity.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

In the mechanism of vertebrate olfaction, a G protein activates the enzymeSelect one:a. cGMP phosphodiesterase.b. phospholipase C.c. transducin.d. adenylyl cyclase.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-5)What would occur at location number 4 in the figure in the absence of light?Select one:a. Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from cis to trans.b. cGMP attached to the sodium channels would cause them to open.c. Darkness would inactivate rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from trans to cis.d. cGMP would detach itself from the sodium channels, causing them to close.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

A specialized site of contact of one neuron with another neuron (or effector) is known as aSelect one:a. membrane.b. synapse.c. neuron.d. receptor-neurotransmitter complex.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

The conversion of stimulus energy into an electrical signal is known asSelect one:a. an action potential.b. transference.c. transduction.d. a graded potential.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-6)The bottom panel of the figure depicts _______ illumination of an _______ cell.Select one:a. central; on-centerb. diffuse; on-centerc. central; off-centerd. peripheral; on-center

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 13-4)Which mechanism explains Panel 1?Select one:a. At the synapse, the neurotransmitter changes function.b. Receptor density on the postsynaptic membrane changes.c. The frequency of action potentials increases.d. The amount of neurotransmitter per presynaptic impulse changes.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

How does the acetylcholine receptor respond to prolonged exposure to acetylcholine?Select one:a. Acetylcholine will no longer be able to bind to the receptor.b. Acetylcholine will remain bound to the receptor, and the channel will remain open indefinitely.c. Acetylcholine will remain bound to the receptor, but the channel will close.d. The receptor will flicker, and the rate of flickering will increase.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement regarding neurotransmitters is true?Select one:a. Neuropeptides are synthesized at the axon terminal.b. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are synthesized mainly in the nucleus.c. Small-molecule neurotransmitters are contained in large dense-cored vesicles.d. The inactivation of small molecule neurotransmitters can occur via reuptake or via enzymes.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-2)How many different (taste) qualities depend on the mechanism shown in the figure?Select one:a. 2b. 4c. 3d. 1

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement best describes the vertebrate mechanism that operates on the outer segment cell membrane of the rod in the presence of light?Select one:a. cGMP that is attached to the sodium channels causes them to open.b. cGMP detaches from the sodium channels, causing them to close.c. Light activates rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from trans to cis.d. Light activates rhodopsin by isomerizing retinal from cis to trans.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

In the dark, a cone membrane of a fish will beSelect one:a. relatively hyperpolarized.b. relatively depolarized.c. photochemically fluctuating.d. at zero mV.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

A quantum is aSelect one:a. measure of the total amount of acetylcholine released into the synapse.b. measure of the stored acetylcholine in the presynaptic terminal.c. count of the number of acetylcholine molecules in a vesicle.d. the number of vesicles in the synapse.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 13-2)What is the best description of II?Select one:a. Muscle fiber action potential.b. Ca2+ leaks into channels causing depolarization.c. Na+, which just entered the cell, is now being transported deep into the muscle.d. Acetylcholine binds to and opens ligand-gated channels.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which statement best describes the mechanism of sensitization?Select one:a. Protein kinase dephosphorylates K+ channels and increases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx.b. Protein kinase phosphorylates K+ channels and decreases the K+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to an increase in Ca2+ influx.c. Protein kinase dephosphorylates Ca2+ channels and decreases the Ca2+ current that normally terminates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx.d. Protein kinase phosphorylates Na+ channels and decreases the Na+ current that normally activates the action potential, which leads to a decrease in Ca2+ influx.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 14-3)What is the resulting electrical event on the membrane as shown in the figure?Select one:a. Depolarization at I, hyperpolarization at IIb. Depolarizationc. Hyperpolarizationd. Hyperpolarization at I, depolarization at II

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Once acetylcholine is released into the synapse itSelect one:a. is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.b. crosses the postsynaptic membrane and then is broken down inside that cell.c. is inactivated by calcium.d. is actively pumped back into the presynaptic neuron.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which receptor uses a metabotropic mechanism of signal transduction?Select one:a. Thermoreceptorsb. Mechanoreceptorsc. Photoreceptorsd. Vestibular receptorse. Auditory receptors

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Refer to the figure below (Ref: 13-4)The primary site of behavioral plasticity is at the _______ synapse.Select one:a. motor neuron-to-gillb. head-to-motor neuronc. sensory-to-motor neurond. skin-to-sensory neuron

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

Which of the following transmits information the fastest?Select one:a. Fast EPSPb. Ionotropic EPSPc. Electrical synapsed. Metabotropic IPSP

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

In chemical synapses, neurotransmitters are released bySelect one:a. facilitated diffusion.b. active transport.c. vesicular cycling.d. calcium-dependent exocytosis.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

How does the G protein activate adenylyl cyclase?Select one:a. The G protein causes a depolarization, which activates adenylyl cyclase.b. The G protein mediates the release of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which activates adenylyl cyclase.c. The G protein activates various second messengers, which all activate pathways that activate adenylyl cyclase.d. The a subunit of the G protein, with GTP, diffuses laterally in the membrane and binds to and activates adenylyl cyclase.

BIOL 630 - Animal Physiology (Ch. 13, 14) - Week 6 Problem Set

The molecule that absorbs light is called aSelect one:a. photochemical.b. rhabdomere.c. photopigment.d. photoreceptor.