Which respiratory muscle flattens when contracted?
Diaphragm
Which respiratory muscle compresses abdominal contents, increases abdominal pressure, and forces diaphragm superiorly?
Abdominal muscles
Do the external intercostals increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
increase
Do the internal intercostals increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
decrease
Do the sternocleidomastoids increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
increase
Do the scalenes increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
increase
Do the pectoralis minors increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
increase
Does the diaphragm increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
increase
Do the abdominal muscles increase or decrease the thoracic cavity?
Decrease
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one normal breath
Tidal volume
Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation
Inspiratory reserve volume
Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation
expiratory reserve volume
Amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Residual volume
Tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
inspiratory capacity
Reserve volume (RV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
functional residual capacity
Maximum volume of air expelled after a maximal inhalation
Vital capactiy
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (TV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
vital capacity
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (TV) + expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)
total lung capacity
The total volume of air that is forcefully expired after maximal inspiration (used interchangeably with VC)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
The volume of air that is forcefully expired in the first second of a forceful expiration after a maximal inspiration
Forced Expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)
A ration between the volume of air expired in the first second relative to the total volume of air expired during a forced expiration. To determine it, the FEV1 is divided by the FVC and multiplied by 100 to get percent
Forced Expiratory Ratio (FER or FEV1%)
A chronic, progressive disease in which there is largely irreversible obstruction of the airways leading to a decrease in airflow. The airflow obstruction and limitation continues to worsen over time. In most situation, the disease results from exposing the airways to noxious gases and/or toxins.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
What are the 2 most common forms of COPD?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
A disorder in which chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes leads to an obstruction of airflow. The inflammatory processes causing airway obstruction involves excessive swelling and increased mucus production by the bronchial airways. Long term inflammation can lead to irreversible narrowing of the airways as a result of thickening and scar tissue formation along the airways.
Chronic bronchitis
A condition in which there is destruction of alveolar septa within the lungs. This destruction of lung tissue, which contains elastic tissue and capillaries, results in a decreased ability to exchange gases and exhale air. The loss of epithelium lining the alveolar lumens results in a decreased ability to exchange gases. The loss of elastic tissue, which recoils to assist in exhaling air, leads to decreased ability to push air out of the lungs.
Emphysema
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. These episodes are the result of bronchospasm and inflammation that cause airway obstruction and decreased airflow. The episodes are usually reversible either spontaneously or with treatment. Longstanding and/or poor treatment of asthma can lead to some irreversible airflow limitation.
Asthma
Disorders that result in decreased ability to inspire a normal amount of air for one or more of the following reasons: stiffness (decreased compliance) of lung tissue, stiffness, or damage of the pleura, decreased movement of the thoracic cage, or a neuromuscular disorder, diminishing the contractibility of the diaphragm. Can be intrinsic or extrinsic
Restrictive lung diseases
The relationship between pressure and volume is known as ________ Law.
Boyle's
As volume increases, pressure ___________.
decreases
As volume decreases, pressure __________.
increases
Diaphragm and external intercostals control inspiration or expiration?
inspiration
What three muscles control forceful expiration?
Internal intercostals, external oblique, and rectus abdominus
Intrapulmonary pressure (increases/decreases) during inspiration
decreases
What pressure is always negative and helps to keep lungs inflated?
intrapleural pressure
Intrapleural pressure is most negative during what?
Inspiration
If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs?
Collapses
A collapsed lung is known as what?
Atelectasis due to pnuemothorax
When the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to resistance?
increases
When the bronchiole constricts, what will happen to airflow?
decreases
What are two other important factors that play roles in ventilation?
Histamine and epinephrine
Histamine will (constrict or dilate) bronchioles. What does this do to resistance?What does this do to airflow?
constrict;increasedecrease
Epinephrine will (constrict or dilate) bronchioles.What does this do to resistance?What does this do to airflow?
dilatedecreaseincrease
Acetylcholine will (constrict or dilate) bronchioles.What does this do to resistance?What does this do to airflow?
Constrictincreasedecrease
Fibrosis will (increase or decrease) compliance making it (easy or difficult) to inflate the lungs.
Decrease; difficult
A decrease in the surfactant will result in a (increase or decrease) in compliance.
decrease
Explain why the solution eventually went from a pink color to clear in your experiments.
The CO2 in the subjects breath decreased the pH of the phenolphthalein below 7 which made it turn clear.
In which experiment did it take the fewest number of 5 second blows to clarify the solution? Explain why.
It took less breaths in the post-exercise experiment because the breath has more CO2 in it due to aerobic respiration.
What prediction would you make if the experiment was repeated with a subject who hyperventilated for 30 seconds prior to beginning 5 second blows?
It would take more breaths because hyperventilation causes lower CO2 levels.
What percent of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin?
98.50%
What percent of oxygen dissolves in plasma?
1.50%
The hemoglobin molecule is composed of _____ polypeptide chains and ______ heme groups containing iron. What does oxygen bind to?
4;4; Iron of heme
After one oxygen molecule (O2) binds to hemoglobin, it is easier for the other molecules to bind to the hemoglobin. This is known as ___________ ___________.
cooperative binding
When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called ___________________ and when oxygen is unloaded from the hemoglobin at the tissues it is called __________________________.
oxyhemoglobin;deoxyhemoglobin
In the lungs, partial pressure of oxygen is ______ mmHg.Hemoglobin is ____% saturated.
100;98-100%
At the tissues, partial pressure of oxygen is ____ mmHg. Hemoglobin is _____% saturated.
40;75%
With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the lungs (high altitude), will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?
no
With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the tissues (during exercise), will the saturation of hemoglobin decrease significantly?How does this help the tissues?
yes;Hemoglobin releases more O2 to tissues that need it more
Name 4 other factors that alter PO2
pH, temperature, PCO2, and BPG
During exercise would a decrease in pH increase or decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation?What would this do to availability of O2 to the tissues?
decrease;increase availability
During exercise would an increase in temperature increase or decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation?What would this do to availability of O2 to the tissues?
decrease;increase availability
During exercise would an increase in PCO2 increase or decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation?What would this do to availability of O2 to the tissues?
decrease;increase availability
During exercise would an increase in BPG increase or decrease PO2 hemoglobin saturation?What would this do to availability of O2 to the tissues?
decrease;increase availability
pH, temperature, PCO2, and BPG would all shift the oxygen-hemoglobin curve to the (right or left)
right
What percent of CO2 is dissolved in plasma?
7
What percent of CO2 is combined with hemoglobin?
23
What percent of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions?
70
When CO2 binds to hemoglobin, it is called _________________.
Carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 bind with water to form ____________ _____. The catalyst for this reaction is ___________ _________
carbonic acid;carbonic anyhydrase
Carbonic acid dissociates into ___________ ions and ___________ ions.
H+ and HCO3-
When bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cell, __________ ions move in. This is known as the ___________ shift. This reaction occurs in the (same or opposite) direction at the lungs so that CO2 can be released.
Cl-;chloride;opposite
A decrease in hemoglobin O2 leads to an increase in CO2 loading. Said another way, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading. This is known as the __________ effect.
Haldane
A decrease in CO2 loading facilitates ____________ unloading from hemoglobin. Said another way, CO2 loading facilitates O2 unloading. This is known as the ______ effect.
Bohr
A pH below 7.35 is indicates _______________.
acidosis
A pH above 7.45 indicates _____________.
alkalosis
A PaCO2 below 35 mmHg indicates what?
respiratory alkalosis
A PaCO2 above 45 mmHg indicates what?
respiratory acidosis
A HCO3- below 22 mEq/L indicates what?
Metabolic acidosis
A HCO3- above 26 mEq/L indicates what?
Metabolic alkalosis