A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
Learning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a responce after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particuluar response with out having being learned
Unconditioned stimulus
A response that is natural and needs no training
unconditioned response
A once neutral stimullus that has been paired with an unconditional stimulus to bring about a response formerly cause only by the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made
fixed ratio
Reinforcement only a fixed time period
fixed interval
Reinforcement occurs after a varifying number of responses rather than being fixed
Variable interval
When a stimulus procedes a response that is reinforced the stimulus starts to control that response
Discrimination
Discriminative stimulus > response > reinforces
Three-term contingency
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. Argues that in between stimulus and response there is the organism's view of the world
Cognitive learning theory
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but in not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it; occurs "without" reinforcement
Latent learning
Characteristic ways of approaching learning, based on a person's cultural background and unique pattern of abilities
Learning styles
The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
encoding
maintaining information over time
storage
recovery of stored information, remembering
retrieval
the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant
sensory memory
memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds
short term memory
memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve
long term memory
reflects information from the visual system
Iconic memory
stores auditory information coming from the ears
Echoic memory
Limited capacity- 7 plus or minus 2 items
Short term meory
A meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short term memory
Chunk
Repeating information
role repetition
Occurs when the information is considered and organized in same fashion
Elaborative rehearsal
stratigies that we can use to vastly improve our retention; formal techniques for organizing information in a way that makes it more likely to be remembered
mnemonics
involved in reasoning and decision making
Central executive processor
specializes in visual and spaticle information
visual store
holds and manipulates material related to speech, words, and numbers
verbal store
contains information that represents information or events
episodic buffer
memory for factual information: names, faces, dates
declarative memory
memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts
semantic memory
memory for events that occur in a particular place, time , or context
episodic memory
memory for the skills and habbits, such as riding a bike or hitting a baseball, sometimes referred to as nondeclarative memory
Procedural memory
consolidate new memories
hippocampus
emotions are stored with memories
Amygdala
Neural pathways become activated when a new response is repeated (or being learned) Increased firing in a set of neurons
Long term potentiation
memories become fixed and stable in long term memory
Consolidation
Specific bits of information must be retrieved
Recall
specific, important, or shocking event, so vivid they seem to represent a virtual snapshot of the event
Flashbulb memories
processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events
constructive processes
Information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled-expectations and pregudices
schemas
recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious
repressed memories
recollections of circumstances and episdoes from our own lives; tend to forget information about our past that is incompatible with the way in which we currently see ourselves
autobiographical memory
memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false
false memories
the loss of information in memory through its nonuse
decay
the phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the recall of other information
interference
forgetting that occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory
cue-depepdent forgetting
interference in which information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material
proactive interference
interference in which there is difficulty in the recall of information learned earlier because of later exposure to different exposure
retroactive interference
an illness characterized in part and by severe memory problems and eventually physical deteriation
Alzheimer's Disease
A disease that afflicts long term alcoholics, leaving some abilities inact but including halluchinations and a tendency to repeat the same story
Korsakoff's syndrome
Amnesia in which memory is lost for occurrences prior to a certain entent
Retrograde
memory is lost for events that follow an injury
Anterograde