Meningiomas
Tumors between meninges. (Encapsulated/benign)
Metastases
Cancer cells coming from other organs
Cerebrovascular Disorders (stroke)-
Excessive release of glutamate bc of excess Na+ and Ca++
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Ruptured Aneurysm
Cerebral Ischemia
Clogged blood vessel
Excitotoxicity
Hippocampus susceptible (NMDAR rich area)
Contrecoup Injury
blow that causes brain to strike skull (brain damage opposite to blow)
Contusion-
damage to cerebralcirculatory system
Concussion-
Disturbance of consciousness (but no contusion)
CNS Infections/Encephalitis
Bacterial/ViralBrain inflamation
Syphilis (bacterial)
- produces insanity/dementia = generalparesis
Meningitis (bacterial)
Meningitis- inflammation of meninges
Viral Infections
-Meningitis-Rabies- affinity for neural system-Herpes- no affinity for neural system
Neurotoxins
-Early antipsychotic drugs caused tardivedyskinesia-Some neurotoxins are endogenous- antibodiesattack neural tissue
Down Syndrome
Extra Chromosome 21
Huntingtons
Disease of extrapyramidal systemLess common than ParkinsonUncontrolled rapid movement/severe dementia� Clear Genetic cause/ no treatment
Parkinsons
Disease of extrapyramidal system.5% population affected-problems initiating voluntary movement. Tremors. No Dementia-Genetic factors/ No cure but dopamine treatment
Alzheimers
-affect entorhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus -Amyloid plaques (scar tissue from degenerating neurons) on outside neurons-Neurofibrillary Tangles (protein tangles) oninside neurons in cytoplasm
MS
- Attacks myelin in CNS/ leaves hard scar tissue -Visual, muscle, tremor, motor coordinationproblem-Autoimmune disorder
Epilepsy
Primary symptom= seizures, not all seizures = epilepsyDiagnosed by EEG/ can be hard to diagnose
Epileptic Aura
-Preceding signal/smell or feeling-Seizure warning-Epileptic Focus- can suggest prob area
Partial Epilepsy
Does not involve whole brain.-Simple-Sensory or motor- spreads as epileptic discharge spreads-Complex-Temporal lobes- Compulsive repetitive simple behavior/ or complex withoutmemory of them
Generalized Epilepsy
Entire Brain-Grand mal- Loss of consciousness/equilibrium. Tonic clonic (tremors)-Petit mal- Absense seizures- disruption of consciousness
Anterograde Degeneration-
synapse after cut dies
Retrograde Degeneration-
Cell before cut dies
Oligodendrocytes-
myelinate CNS/ do not promote regeneration
Schwann-
myelinate PNS/promote regeneration
Blocking Apoptosis
-Apoptosis inhibitor protein -Nerve growth factor -Estrogens- limit/delay neuron death-P2X7R antagonist Brilliant blue G (BBG)