Brain Damage/Neuroplasticity

Meningiomas

Tumors between meninges. (Encapsulated/benign)

Metastases

Cancer cells coming from other organs

Cerebrovascular Disorders (stroke)-

Excessive release of glutamate bc of excess Na+ and Ca++

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Ruptured Aneurysm

Cerebral Ischemia

Clogged blood vessel

Excitotoxicity

Hippocampus susceptible (NMDAR rich area)

Contrecoup Injury

blow that causes brain to strike skull (brain damage opposite to blow)

Contusion-

damage to cerebralcirculatory system

Concussion-

Disturbance of consciousness (but no contusion)

CNS Infections/Encephalitis

Bacterial/ViralBrain inflamation

Syphilis (bacterial)

- produces insanity/dementia = generalparesis

Meningitis (bacterial)

Meningitis- inflammation of meninges

Viral Infections

-Meningitis-Rabies- affinity for neural system-Herpes- no affinity for neural system

Neurotoxins

-Early antipsychotic drugs caused tardivedyskinesia-Some neurotoxins are endogenous- antibodiesattack neural tissue

Down Syndrome

Extra Chromosome 21

Huntingtons

Disease of extrapyramidal systemLess common than ParkinsonUncontrolled rapid movement/severe dementia� Clear Genetic cause/ no treatment

Parkinsons

Disease of extrapyramidal system.5% population affected-problems initiating voluntary movement. Tremors. No Dementia-Genetic factors/ No cure but dopamine treatment

Alzheimers

-affect entorhinal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus -Amyloid plaques (scar tissue from degenerating neurons) on outside neurons-Neurofibrillary Tangles (protein tangles) oninside neurons in cytoplasm

MS

- Attacks myelin in CNS/ leaves hard scar tissue -Visual, muscle, tremor, motor coordinationproblem-Autoimmune disorder

Epilepsy

Primary symptom= seizures, not all seizures = epilepsyDiagnosed by EEG/ can be hard to diagnose

Epileptic Aura

-Preceding signal/smell or feeling-Seizure warning-Epileptic Focus- can suggest prob area

Partial Epilepsy

Does not involve whole brain.-Simple-Sensory or motor- spreads as epileptic discharge spreads-Complex-Temporal lobes- Compulsive repetitive simple behavior/ or complex withoutmemory of them

Generalized Epilepsy

Entire Brain-Grand mal- Loss of consciousness/equilibrium. Tonic clonic (tremors)-Petit mal- Absense seizures- disruption of consciousness

Anterograde Degeneration-

synapse after cut dies

Retrograde Degeneration-

Cell before cut dies

Oligodendrocytes-

myelinate CNS/ do not promote regeneration

Schwann-

myelinate PNS/promote regeneration

Blocking Apoptosis

-Apoptosis inhibitor protein -Nerve growth factor -Estrogens- limit/delay neuron death-P2X7R antagonist Brilliant blue G (BBG)