Pathophysiology Chapter 8

Define Pathogen

anything that causes infection

Define Incidence

number of new cases of an infectious disease in a given population

Define Prevalence

number of active cases of an infectious disease in a given population

Define Endemic

stable incidence and prevalence of an infectious disease in a given population

Defeine Epidemic

sudden increase in incidence of an infectious disease in a given population

Define Pandemic

spread of an infectious disease beyond continental border

Define Colonization

normal, harmless residence of local microorganism on mucous and cutaneous membranes

Define Resident Flora

live in or on the host and recolonize quickly if disturbed; symbiotic relationship with the host

Define Transient Flora

reside temporarily in or on the host

Define Opportunistic

infections from resident flora gone wild when the host's immune system is compromised

Types of Infection

Opportunistic InfectionsVirulent InfectionsNosocomial Infections

What are Opportunistic Infections?

host's immune system is compromised; resident flora overgrow or move into a new location in the body

What are Virulent Infections?

microorganism that is consistently capable of causing disease

What is a Nosocomial Infection?

an infection from a hospital or clinical situation. They may be opportunistic or virulent in nature.

What are the types of Microorganisms?

BacteriaVirusesFungiParasites

How are Bacteria classified?

by motilityGlidingSpirochetesMycoplasmasRigid

What are the classifications of rigid bacteria?

ActinomycetesUnicellular forms

What are the classifications of unicellular rigid bacteria?

Intracellular obligate parasitesFree living bacteria

What are the classifications of free-living bacteria?

Cocci --> round and immobileBacilli --> rod shaped and may be mobileSpiral --> corkscrews

How are free-living bacteria classified?

classified by their response to gram stainingGram Positive --> retain dye, dark purpleGram Negative --> resist stain, pinkAcid Fast --> resist decoloration, red

What happens if bacteria get past the initial membrane defense and multiply and creat a colony in the host?

Acute inflammatory responsePhagocytic cells recruited

What happens if bacteria get past the 1st response?

bacteria will use the interstitial fluid, blood, and lymph networks to spread through the body

What happens if bacteria gets to the lymph nodes?

Another attempt to clean them outIf these fail then clumps of bacteria begin to flood the bloodstream

What are antibiotic?

cultural mechanism for discouraging microorganisms.

What are Viruses?

genetic parasites composed of DNA or RNA and a capsuledependent on host cell for energy and for replication

What are the 2 mechanisms for invasion of the host cell?

Adherence and endocytosisAdherence and injection of genetic material

What are the two ways for a virus to be released from a cell?

release by budding from the host cell , host cell is not destroyed --> birthrelease by lysing the host cell, the host cell is destroyed -->scene from "Alien

What are the ways of classifying viruses?

SizeDNA or RNAmode of replicationcapsule structuretype of host cell

How do DNA viruses replicate?

produce mRNA in the host cell nucleus and with the host cell's enzymeshost cell's machinery is used to translate the viral mRNA's(herpes simplex)

What are the two ways that RNA viruses replicate?

Straight-replicating-->Positive Copy-->Negavie Copyreverse transcriptase

How does reverse transcriptase work?

converts the viral RNA chromosome into viral DNAviral DNA is incorporated into the host cell's chromosomeViral proteins are produced from viral mRNA using the host machinery

How does positive copy RNA work?

Postive copy RNA is used as a direct template to make viral proteins and complementary negative RNA

How does negative copy work?

converted into a complementary positive RNA which is used to produce viral proteins or progeny chromosome

What are the treatments for viral infections?

self-limitedanti viralsnaturalimmunizations

What are Fungi?

yeasts and moldsnonphotosynthetic, eukaryotic protists that exist everywhere

What is good at cleaning up fungi?

Phagocytes especially neutrophils and some monocytes and eosinophils

What are the types of mycoses?

Opportunistic mycosesSuperficial mycosesSubcutaneous mycosesSystemic mycoses

What is an opportunisitc mycoses?

normal flora that become bothersome

What are superficial mycoses?

occur only on dead, keratinized tissue

What are subcutaneous mycoses?

occur in subcutaneous tissue due to trama

What are systemic mycoses?

usually caused by soil fungi that are inhaled

What are the four types of parasites?

ProtozoaNematohelminthes (round worms)Platyhelminths (flatworms, tapeworms)Arthropoda

What is the chain of transmission?

Reservoir --> Portal of Exit --> Mode of Transmission --> Portal of Entry --> Susceptible Victim

What are things that help the pathogen enter the host?

Chemicals that promote adherence --> glycocalyxMechanical structures that promote adherence --> pili and fimbriaeAbility to attach to host proteinsAblitlity to attach to rough surfaces

What are things that help the pathogen get past the host's defenses?

Bacterial enzymes that dissolve host blood or connective tissue proteinsEncapsulation with a polysaccaride prevents fixation of complement and opsonizationSurvival inside phyocytesEndospore formationProduction of IgA protease

What are the characteristics that harm or kill host cells?

bacterial toxins kill host cells and induce inflammation-->Exotoxins-->Endotoxins

What are the host characteristics that affect infection?

Epithelial barriersNutritional statusChronic IllnessAgeImmune StatusPoor SanitationCrowded living conditionsImproper handling of foodClimate/Seasonal patternsGeographic location

What are the stages of infection?

ColonizationInvasionMultiplicationSpread

What are the portals of entry for a pathogen?

PenetrationDirect ContactIngestionInhalation

What are the stages in a disease course?

Incubation stageProdromal StageAcute StageConvalescent StageResolution Stage

What are the 3 lines of defense?

Physical BarriersInflammatory ResponseImmune Response

What are the physical barriers?

skinmucous membranes of GI, GU, and respiratory tracts by action of pH and or resident floramucociliary blanket of respiratory passagesflushing of tears, urine, bowel evacuationvarious substances in bodily secretions such as lysosomes in tearsongoing phagocytosis

What is the inflammatory response?

Mast cell degranulation --> blood vessel inflammatory responses; phagocytic action of granulocytesfever -->heightened phagocytosisPlasma protein systems, Complement cascade, coagulation cascade, Kinin System

What is the immune response?

Immunoglobulins, and T cytoxic lymphocytesLymphocyte production of cytokinesProtection through humoral and cell-mediated immune response and the production of antibodies and memory cells.