Tissues
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
organs
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specfic function
histology
the study of tissues
epithelial tissue (epithelium)
covers surfaces; covers external body surface, lines it cavities and tubules, and generally marks off our insides from our outsides.
characteristics of epithelial tissues
polarity- membranes always have one free surface (apical surface), typically significally differenct from basal surface.cellularity and specialized contacts- cells fit closely togethersupported by connective tissues- adhesive basement membrane (basal lamina) connective tissue (reticular lamina)avascularity- no blood supply of their own, diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissueregeneration-if well nurished, cells can reginerate themselves
2 criteria of epithelia
simple-one layer of cells attached to the basement membranestratified-2 or more layers of cells
types of epithelial tissues
squamous (scalelike)cuboidal (cubelike)columnar (column-shaped)
pseudostratified epithelium
cells vary in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the basement membrane, gives the false appearance of being stratified
Transitional epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium of rounded or plump cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched-found in urinary systme subjected to periodic distention (bladder).
endocrine glands
ductless glands, secrete hormones
exocrine glands
retain their ducts, secretions empty through ducts, internal and external ...sweat and oil glands, liver, pancreas
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm- simplest of the epitheliafunction- allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosaefound in kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)Cells touching cells-no space between cells
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of cubelike cells with large spherical central nucleifunction-secretion and absorptionlocation-kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei, some cells bear cilia, layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)function-absorption and secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances;ciliated type propels muicus by ciliary actionlocation- nonciliated type lines most of the digestive tract (stomach to anal canal), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterusGoblet cells have mucus in them
stratified squamous epithelium
thick membrane composed of several cell layers-function-protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasionlocation-nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
connective tissue
found in all parts of the body as discrete structures or as part of various body organs, the most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types. functions- protect, support and bind together other tissues
bone (osseous tissue)
protect and support other body tissues and organs
dense connective tissue
ligaments and tendons- bind the bones together or bind skeletal muscles to bones
areolar connective tissue
soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs
adipose
fat tissue provides insulation for the body tissues and a source of stored food
hematopoietic tissue
blood forming tissue replenishes the body's supply of red blood cells
characteristics of connective tissue
rich supply of blood vessesl (with some exceptions)composed of many types of cellsgreat deal of noncellular, nonliving material (matirx) between the cells of connective tissue
extracellular matrix
nonliving material between the cells- distinguishes connective tissue from all other tissues-primarily responsible for strength associated with connective tissue
ground substance
component of matrix- composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins and proteoglycans; liquid, semisolid, gel-like or very hard (glue)the fibers which provide support, include collagen (white), elastic (yellow), and reticular (fine collagen) - collagen fibers are most abundant
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
gel-like matrix witha ll three fiber types; cells:fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cellsfunction- wraps and cushions organs, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluidlocation-widely distributed under epithelia of body; forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat) nucleus pushed to the sideby large fat dropletfunction- provides reserve fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organslocatations-under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
primarily parallel collagen fibers, a few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblastfunction- attaches muscles to bones or to muscles, attaches bones to bones, withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one directionlocatation-tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
connective tissue proper:dense connective tissue, dense irregular
primarily irregularly arranged collagen biers, some elastic fibers, major cell type is the fibroblastfunction-able to withstand tension exerted in many directions, provides structural strengthlocation-dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous capsules of organs and joints
cartilage: hyaline
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chrondroblsts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunaefunction-support and reinforces has resilient cushioning properties, resists compressive stresslocation-forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx
cartilage:elastic
similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elsastic fibers in matrixfunction-maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibilitylocation-supports the external ear, epiglottis
cartilage: fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominatefunction-tensile stenght with the ability to absorb compressive shocklocation-intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint
mast cells
large, darkly staining granules in its cytoplasm
nervous tissue
2 major cell populations-neuroglia-special supporting cells that protect support and insulate themore delicate neurons neurons- highly specialized to receive stimuli, and to conduct waves of excitation, or impulses to all parts fot the body
muscle tissue
highly specialized to contract and produce most types of body movement
skeletal muscle
the meat or flesh, attached to the skeleton
cardiac muscle
found only in the heart, involuntary muscle control
smooth muscle
also called visceral muscle, found mainly in the walls of hollow organs- no striations are visible the uninucleate smooth muscle cells are spindle shaped