m
nasal, voiced, bilabial
p
bilabial, voiceless, stop
?
Fricative, voiced, palatal
h
Fricative, glottal, unvoiced
b
stop, voiced bilabial
j
glide, voiced, palatal
r
liquid (rhotic) voiced palatal
?
nasal, voiced, velar
f
fricative, voiceless, labiodental
w
glide voiced, bilabial
v
fricative, voiced, labiodental
t?
affricate, unvoiced, palatal
d?
Affricate, voiced, palatal
s
fricative, unvoiced, alveolar
z
fricative, voiced, alveolar
t
stop, unvoiced, alveolar
d
stop, voiced, alveolar
?
Fricative, unvoiced, dental
�
fricative, voiced, dental
(w)
glide, voiced, velar
k
stop, voiceless, velar
g
stop, voiced, velar
n
nasal, voiced, alveolar
?
fricative, voiced, palatal
l
liquid, voiced, alveolar
Diphthing production
change in articulatory posture1. tongue posture2. jaw posture3. lip opening, rounding, unrounding
Phonemic Diphthongs
Distinguish meaning but cant be decreased to monothongs ai, au, ??
Non-phonemic Diphthongs
don't distinguish meaning and can be decreased to /e/ and /o/ monothongsei, ou
consonants description
-place of articulation-manner of production-voicing
monothongs
pure vowels having a single sound quality
diphthongs
have a gradually changing articulation results in 2 resonances /or shift
f1 frequency
Depends on size of aperature and pharyngeal cavity volume.Large aperature and small pharyngeal cavities result in high freq. F1
F2
frequency depends on volume of oral cavity, by tongue advancement More front the tongue higher f2
narrow Transcription
exactly what person said [k]
broad transcription
phonemes not related to how person said them/r/ /k/
progressive vs regressive
progressive- sound segment influences a following soundregressive- sound segment influences preceding sound
Assimilation
one speech sound becomes similar/ identical to a neighboring sound segment
Coarticulation
effect neighboring sounds have on eachother
approximates
consonants with wide passage for airflow
obstruents
complete/ narrow constriction between articulator, hindering expiratory system
distinctive features
phonetic symbols that distinguish phonemes
sound classes
manner of production
morpheme
smallest linguistic unit that convey meaning
allophone
speech sound that is a variant of a phoneme
phoneme
smallest linguistc unit that is able to establish meaning
phonological disorder
impaired system of phonemes and phoneme patterns in spoken language
phonology
study of patterns of speech sounds in a language and pronunciation rules
articulation disorder
difficulty in motor production of speech or inability to produce speech sounds
articulation
motor processes involved in planning sequences of gestures that result in speech
Parameters that affect formant frequencies
-Tongue height-tongue anterior posterior-tense or lax-lip rounding-rhotic non-rhotic-nasality