What is an Impairment
When pathology creates a problem for the system of which it is a part, when something is wrong at the system level it is an impairment
What is a Functional Limitation?
what someone cannot do. Ex. if I break my little toe, I will hobble. The fracture site is the pathology, impairment is it impedes walking, and the functional limitation is I can�t wear my regular shoe.
what are the risk factors and why are they important?
Biology/genetics good or vulnerable genes. The overall state of someone�s health. Even if you have leukemia, how is the rest of your body. Environment: access to healthcare. Example disabling process would be greater for amputee in Haiti than in US Psychology of it all: coping, each person will be different.therapist job to understand and keep in gmind when meeting a new client
what is the role of biology
Biology: What are the signs symptoms and lab findings that characterize this disease
What are signs, symptoms, and lab findings?
Signs � walking with a cane. Symptoms- what she experiences in her head, being tired, when the nervous system is tired and you just can�t make your body move.- neuro-genic fatigue. We can�t see it but she experiences its. Lab findings- x-rays, MRI�s EMG�s, blood tests, etc. ery objective.
what is psychol-social typology and its components?
what do i know about: onset, course, outcome, and incapacitaiton? this is the point when strategy changes dependent on these factors
What is onset? and include factors
onset can be either sudden or slow. it affects the fandlingn of diesease and your approach as a therapist. it it was an accident you would be in in crisis mode.
what is course?
aggressive, constant, relapse, episodic. as a counselor, if aggressive you must know it will get worse and you will have to provide more supportive counseling as it goes on.For constant it usually happens once and now you have to help them deal with it.For episodic, you usually have multip progressive occurences so you have to do levels of adaptations and adjustments.
What is outcome?
initial anticipatory gried regardless of diagnosis is very important as an indicator in terms of how the person is going to do and what your tasks as a therapist are going to be. takes into account the prognosis of the disorder.
what is incapacitation?
extent and kind. ex. persistent vegetative state vs. quadripalegic who still can speak and has personality
discuss the developmental timeframe as it relates to disability
affects both the person and the family. tasks are either: 1) building, harder to work with2) maintaining
Discuss aspects of the assessment of functional capacity
functions help us at home and in environements to carry out work and tasks.assessing is usually job of physical therapist bu we must eestimate it.Functional capacity for what? no everything, but take it one at a time.
Residual Funcational Capacities
what is left after an impairment has run its course, or done extent of impairment.problem is rarely the illness or diability, but in terms of functional limitations, consequences of limiations, implicaitons, and meanings they have for client.
Eponyms
things that are named after people.Giullian BarreTetrology FallotMeniere's DiseaseGraye's disease
Acronyms
Abbreviations in medical fieldEKG - heartEEG - brainEMG - muscleMRIFMRICT
Prefixesa/abAdHemiDiploHetero
a/ab - away fromAd - moving towardHemi half ex. hemiplegia - 1/2 paralyzedDiplo - double - diplopia - double visionHetero - differet
homomicromacrobracyMalEu
homo- samenessMicro- small microcephaly - small headmacro- large macrocephaly- big headbracy - short bracycardia short heartbeatMal - bad malacia bad softeningEu- good euphoria happiness
Suffixesioleentomyoscopyosisitis
iole - diminutive size. baby. areterioleentomy - to remove. appedndectomyoscopy- visual exam. Gastoscopyosis - diesase process. halitosisitis- inflammation- gastritis, rhinitis- nose, fursistis - joint
words denoting place or location cranial enceph myo cardi Osteo Hepat
cranial enceph- brainmyo- muscle. myocitis - inflammaiton of musclecardi - heart cardiomyopathyOsteo - osteomylitis boneHepat liver, hepatitis
what is the musculoskeletal system composed of?
hard (bone) and soft (msucles, tendons, ligaments, cartialge etc)
discuss the role of the soft parts
ex. nose and ears are cartilage and there is cartilage between ribs and vertebra. acts like shock absorbers and gives shapes to things. if something hapens and the cartilage looses shapen, then it must be reshaped and restored
Ligaments
have some pliability, flexibilitybind skeletal parts together. bone to bonedamage is called a sprain. differing degrees, 3rd is worst and requires surgerywill impact movement if impaired
tendons
attach muscle to bone.don't stretch, not as pliable.damage is called a strainwill impact movement if impaired
Smooth Muscle
bladder, stomach, instestine, blood vesselsdoes its job on its own
Cardiac Muscle
only found in the heart
Striated Muscle
looks like a group of stings.80% of body muscle.makes up 40-50% of weight.exercising that loses fat and adds muscled will make you weigh more but be thinner and firmer.made of calcium, phosphorous and magnesium, but also lot of water
Bones
have serveral hundredbiggest is feumr, littlest in earshape they take depends on what they doEx. strength and flexibility- long tubesmovement and flexibility - small cylindicral like macaroni, toes and fingers allow for fine dexterity
joints
the more work expected, the more sophisticated it is.many pieces fit just so, and harder to put back together when brokenribs - cuved and elliptical, allow flexibility and movement but dont't move too much and aren't weight bearing.
roles of skeletal system
weight bearingshape and supportmovementand occassionally storage: sternum, iliac crest store bone marrow
Causes of skeletal impairment
trauma - kids and elders (bones soft and growing or old and deteriorating)congenital anomalies - disease, illnessinfectious diseases - osteomyolitisnon-infectious diseases- bow leggednutritional - ED, secondary osteoperosis, gout,CancerNeruologicalEndocrine disordersdegenerative diseases - arthritisvascular or ciruculatory- blood supply cut off - vascular necrosis
diagnosis of moskuloskeletal impairments
xrays, MRI, muscle functions (EMG), nerve functions (nerve velocity studies), physical therapists look at range of motion
how to fix muskuloskeletal impairments
surgers - corrects the problemnon-open fixes, non surggical, prosthetics or orthotics, casting, rehab, mobility aides. reduce functional impairment & disability
Funcitional Impairment of Muskuloskeletal system
Movement and Strength*can't measure residual until healing is finished
Symptoms of musculoskeletal impairments
generalized - fatigue, morning stiffness, weight loss or gain, fever depression, obesity, pain management, mobility, difficulty with daily tasks, sexual, relational or employment problems.
Fractures
longer bones take 6-8 weekslittle - 3-4 weekshard part heals faster than softfor every day of immobility, it takes 3 days to get the function back
types of fractures
simplecompoundcompoud comminutedcrush or compressionstress or shin splintsgreenstick
simplecompoundcomound comminuted
simple - looks like line across bone, parts fit together, need to fill with new cells, usually gets casted.Compound - bones separate and parts not alighned, usually need open reduction and internal fixation. doesn't have residual disabilityCompoud comminuted piece of bone splinters and comes through skin.requires surgery to piece together, my add cement to keep.
Crush or compression Stress or shin splints greenstick
crush or compression- ex falls of roof, osteoperosis, vertebrae collapses and disintigrates. not correctable w/ surgeryStress or shin splints- line develops in bone, parts aren't displaced, like hairline spaceGreenstick- what kids get. looks like old toothbrush, can fracture through endplate. rarely seen in older than child
Type 1 osteoperosis
predominantly affects women ages 50-70. estrogen related. swiss cheese.Treatment: biophosphinates - actinel, phosimax, boneva
Type 2 osteoperosis
effects both men and women. after age 70. indication of metbolic functions of the body. age, body wears out
Idio-pathic osteoperosis
not sure of origin.ED, athletes w/o body fatdevelop brittle bones at young age. not reversible.
osteroperosis facts
other diseases can contribute or cause.steroids can cause secondary osteoperosisbone desity teste measure, reccommended after 50, more often for women.usually if old people fall and fracture.
Amputations
considered above/below knee, elbow and hemi-pelvectomy (lower 1/2 of body removed at pelvis)prostheses- expensive and wear out but many. last 5-10 years. $20Kspecial types, new materials, for kids, light weight.changes sense of midline and center of gravity. sense of body position in place and weight and mass of body changes.limbs weighted so you don't fall over.must learn how to use
Reasons for amputations
TraumaTumors (bone or muscle cancer)Vascular insufficiency (diabetes)some congenital deformity
comlications of amputations
painbone spurs in stump (hook)swelling and ulceration at stumpContractures - body thinks more bone is needed to make up for loss, bone deposited at ampu. site.wearing prosthesis takes enegery- get tired, lower capacity for carrying and walking.
Rheumatic diseases
involve all parts of the joints.may be systematic and go into other parts of bodysac where 2 bones meet. synovial membrane, inside is synovial flued allows joint to move freely.
Osteoarthritis
wear and tear. everyone gets it.cartilage on ends of bones wears away, bones don't slide, get craters, touch and cause pain, wears down bones.creaky joints. inflamation. (bursitis, tendonitis) treated by NSAIDS. treat symptoms, make comfortable. morning stiffness, discomfort to go to pain killers.common in knees, hips, hands. gradually progressive on stable even course
Inflamatory Arthritis
Rheumatoid, lupus, limes disease -impairment in synovial membrane. cause unclear. auto-immune. body attacks itself. membrane infected and swells, painful, flud gets think, gunky so things don't move well. redness and heat at site. big knuckles, point to side. RA affects any age, more disabiling than osteoarthritis, destroys tisse. can reach lungs, eyes, heart, brain. comes and goes. can be acute.
treatment for arthritis
dietary changes (low carbs, strong proteins) Medications- DMARDDS.new meds help treat and prevent acute stages. more meds to treat osteoa than auto-immune
scleroderma
more in women ober 40 than men. rare but has large impact. smotth muscle, fibrosis, scar tissue develops gets hard. muscles aren't able to perform taks. Terminal illness. drugs used to delap progression
polymyositis
striated and cardiac muscles. inflames and very weak, ragdoll. elders. cause unknow. unusual in young people. considered autoimmune
Back/SpineVertebrae
like shingles on roof, fit over each other. not much movement between each, but allows for much as a hole.disk inbetween each. like shock absorver. compressesion squishes out and herneation occurs.nerves go into vertabrae top half is sensation, botton is movement
nerves in back/neck/spine
33 pairs of spinal nerves.vertebrae in neck are cervical.chest to waist is thoracicabove butt is lumbar and end is sacrum and coccyx.injuries usually strain, sprain, mot commin in neck and lumbar.treat with compression and ice.
Scoliosis
s curve. more likely female. runs in families. starts age 10-12. watch and brace with 3 points to move back. bones still malleable. many won't wear brace though.at 30 degrees- surgery. rod and bailing wire to gradually pull spine over. rod can break.everything gets pulled E or W. deformities in vital organs, limits breathing, cardiac problems. expensive to treat but kids charity hospitals will treat for free.
Kyphosis
hunch back.spine pulls out from upper back, ribs clse in, and everything in ribcage gets compressed and squeezed. more male than female, nobody immune
Chronic
recurrent - pain that goes on and on. persistend and has a set causechronic- no etiology, variable course, seeking medical care and prescriptions.
Headaches/Migraines
genetic component.food (coffee, ice cream, chocolate)spasming in all of brain muscle.Meds prevent or reduce spasming when startedsnero-therapy and LENS- lessends effect and frequency
commonalities in pain disabilites
over stressed muscle groupstreated in similar fashions - botulin injections, accu-pressure, massage, heat or cold, low car and low sugar diets.
cummulative trauma (pain)
more than half of worker's comp. repetitive motion syndromes.upper extremity.repetitive motions in the fine parts/bones
peripheral neuropathy
burning and achingcorrect the nutritional deficit.antidpressantspersitent and recurrne tpain syndrome, depression, inactivity - leads to more painhands, arms, feet, legs.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
complex regional pain syndromecontroversial (if and what it is)could follow surger. may develop swelling and burning pain.don't use to aoid pain, leads to more pain. break out it localized sweat. muscles contract and become sensitive to tough.nerve block, or extreme surger to cut nerve.
phantom pain
after removal of limbstabbing pain.EMDR accupressure
Neruma and scar pain
scar tissue builds up and entraps the brances of the nerve. inject the neruoma itself with form fo anesthetic to stop pain. laser.
MS and neuromuscular disorders
persistentintense burning feeling coming from deep within.
Heart Disease
death rate slowed but numer living longer with it has increased.smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, high cholesterol.1/3 of adults have high blood pressure alone which makes you 3-4x more likely to develop coronary heart disease and greater risk of stroke.women have different sympoms, likely to die when at hospital, smae diets and exercise routines don't work.
Veins and arteries
veins - not as muscular, has gates like turnstiles. go one but not back. slow rate, more liek ooze. Vena Cava- big vein. many systmeic veins. 2-3x more than we need. closer to surface.arteries- deeper. deliver oxygen to brain an dbody and carry off waste.
blood flow through lungs.
enters as low pressure but exits left ventricle and atria and goes into body as high pressure.problems like heart attacks occur in left ventricle - wear and tearmitrovalves on L side wear out sooner.
Ischemia
causes pain.adequate blood and oxygen not getting to heart. due to problems in coronary arteries. R and L anterior descending, Cicumflex that goes around the heart and branhes. job is to take in nutrients and oxygen and carry out waste.inner wall of artery gets rough. velcro- things stick to it. builds up, can break off and go bad places. or can harden and build up narrowing space for blood flow.tissue underneath won't get enough o2 and nutrients.in heart-miochartial infarction - heart attack.
sub endocardial infarctions
less than the full thinckness of the heart wall.transmural - goes through the full thickness of the heart muscle.
blockage
hard to bypass and open b/c very thin.stint-looks like spring. push gunk back against walls and create more room for bloodflow.bypass- take other vein and connect to route around blockage. the closer it is to the aorta, the harder to do. symptomatic fix that must be redone in 10 years.blockage can lead to amputation. after surgery, go on meds, statins and ace inhibitors.
cardiomyopathy
virally inducedproblems with conduction, causes irregularitiesHeart wave PQRST. look for uncharacteristic squiggleys.
heart enzymes
CPKLDHHBDwhen they flood the system signal that heart is trying to repair itslef - heart attack
Rhythm problems
electrical circuits of heart responisbile for heartbeat.can be too fast, slow, hiccup.disrupt how heart is beating.can be mild, come and go. or fataldeath of young athletesconduction defects
Atrial fribulation
artrial flutter and shake
ventricular fribulation
ventricles flutter and shake
bradycardia or tackacardia
slows down and speeds up
stoppage incidents in the heart
wolf-parkenson-white syndrome. born with it but doesn't show until hera exerted, conduction defect.can be a block in perkinge fibers on r side.r bundle branch block, or L short circuit. like power going of on one side of heart.trouble breathing or shock.
how to fix blockages
ablations - laser or freeze the short circuit fibers, they develop collateral and bypass the problem.pace maker- when heart rate too slowfor quivers or fribulations that don't go back into rhythm, install defribulators that shock heart.
congestive heart failure
starts as simple problem of high blood pressure (dangerous when lower number over 100) leads to pressure on brain, lungs, eyes, kidneys (end organs) can damage them, stroke, retinopoty, failing kidneys.
hypertention or hypertensive cardiovascular disease
primary- result of pressure processsecondary- if something is wrong in kidney, there is backup causing blood pressure to go up. (begins in another organ)pulmonary- medication induced.some races genetically predisposed.
venus insufficiency problems
veins have gates that break down over time or genetic vulnerability. can lead to phlebitis, varicose veins. use lasers and local andesthtic to shrink into place.
broken heart syndrome
real physical problem. body releases massive enzmes and heat can't cope and begins to shut don. bottom 3rd contracts but middle and upper don't. like heart attack. returns to normal in ten days
cardiac rehab
bypass, valve replacement, heart transplant.most insurance plans limit number of rehab visits.goal to build up arobically the hearts capacity to use oxygen.physical training, patient and fam edu, lifestyle changes, vocational issues, psychological counseling.
reactions to hear conditions by gender
Womenmore likely to have angina equivalent.heart rupture. 3x more likely to die. rehab standardized on men. doesn't work well for women so likely to drop out.Men have crushing heart pain.
rate of death
congestive heart failure- likely to die within 5 years. Used to be 12 months. babies are now surviving with defects.
cystic fibrosis
37.4 lifetime expectancy, but in 1955 didn't live past elementary school.Genetic - body produces abnormally thick mucus.persistent coughing, chronic lung infections, poor weight gain, diabetes, polyps, lung transplant. link to GI issues. exists in every cell
CF and new medical advances
1989 gene discovered. opened gene therapy opportunities.Advanced anticioticsaerosol spraysThAIRapy Vestgene therapypancreatic enxypeslung transplants
CF and case management
continuing to become adults and agemay need assitancemeds and treatment very expensivedifficulty getting healthcaretreatments not covered by insurancemed complications increase with age
Goal of case management and CF
decrease cost of inpaitent hospital stays through providing outpatient services.reduce # of adults ho use financial resources in order to qualify for aid.maintain and achieve higher level of autonomy and QoLreduce # of hospitalizations, provide access to care, equipment, and meds
What is a Pulmonary Function Study?
Hom much you can exhale in one push.Vital capacity - how much you can pull in. depends on body size.muscles between ribs and neck affect, how tall you are, atmospheric pressure.
Respiratory System/Lungs
bring in 02 expel CO2.right lung slightly larger. R has 3 lobes, L has 2. space between them is the media steinum that llos wthem to separate. L is smaller so heart can fit.
Parenchyma
soft tissue, long eslastic and spongy
pleura
slippery lining, allows to slip and slide when expanding so they don't get caught
bronchus
main breathing tubes. brance, b ronchila and at the end are the aveoli - like a hari net of grapes, spread out thin. where the oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.up until bronicholes, air si coming in, than at exchange is diffusion.aveoli very sensitiveany type of upper body deformity will affect respiration
symptoms of pulminary impairments
coughdyspnea - difficulty breathing, painChest pain- runnign hard, trying to take a deep breathfatigue, headaches, sleep problems.Anxiety - feel like out of airtrouble concentrating, brain not getting enough oxygencouging up blood
more symptoms of pulmonary
syanosis - bluish coloraiton, fingernails and lips have bluish cast, translucent sking.finger clubbing
Pneumonia
common infectionbacterial/viral and many other causes. (strep, staph, bacteria, sources of flu, chlamydia_vaccines available for elders and compromised but only cover 5 common strains
Pleuraci
infection of pleura lining of the lungscaused by infection, trauma, collagen related diseases like lups or RA, pneumoconiosis- diesease cause by occupational dusts.
Processes that cause repiratory impairment
Obstructive - higher amount, results of obstruction of the bronchial tree. and blockage (asthma, chronic bronchitis)Restrictive- restrict the lungs, take away parts of lungs able to be used. loss of lung tissue available for breathing. restrics vital capacity.with advanced conditions you can get both
restrictive respiratory impairment
surgical removal of part of lungLung CancerTB - bacillus - eats tissue, swiss cheese, cavitations. scarred/dead tissue not functional, medications won't stop sometimes and have to have resection. may remove rib to get to lung which restricts function more.
Obstructive processes
EmphazeymaChronic BronchitisChronic Asthma - child and adultall three make up COPDbeing w/ cough. in 40's. problem at aveoli - collapse and form a bullie, trap air and not exchanged. take air in but not get it out. take short fast breaths.shriveling of bronchial trees. lose elasticity. develop R side heart failure. muscle hypertrophys heavier and harder to pump
Treatment for COPD
symptomatic in early stages. remove irritantmeds - dilate bronchial tree. liquify the mucus.retrain to breath.bird machines - breathe in meds.
how to determine O2 levels in blood
white finger clamp.arterial blood gasses - hard to get, examine arterial blood under microscope. helps to know degree of efficiency and plan treatments.
Asthma
infection or leukotriennes (allergen)smooth muscle in bronchial tree spasms in reaction to allerfen. if sever can block and obstruct breathing.short fast breaths, can't breath reclining, use accessory msucles around chest. can affect heart rate and blood pressure. bloos o2 sat low.meds to stop spasms cortico steroids to reduce swelling.
rehab considerations for respiratory
remove irritant, how often having attacks, consider capacity and efficiency of system. control episodes with prescribed meds.
bronchiectasis
genetic proclivity. childhood infections. cough, sputum, can't control. recurrent infections. cough up blood. scarring lower lobes. bronchus gets wider and shorter.
creeping critter diseases
treated first with antibiotics- expensive1st and 2nd linenever cured, held in remission.
Pneumoconiosis
class of respiratory issues due to dust/gasses/pollutants. ingesting the irritants causes inflammation in the lungs which leads to obstructive process
Diacetyl
chemical giving buttery flavor, causes popcorn lung. irreversible, creates disease called bronchiolitis obliterans - termincal but not life limiting.
Non-tuberculoso mycobacterium
in FL, bioslime in showerhead. symptoms like TB- poor appetite, shortness of breath, cough, may cough up blood. affects women more than men. life-limiting and terminal.
Sarcoidosis
blacks, esp women. immune system response that can affect multiple organs in the body buy settles first in the lungs, then heart and kidneys. causes dry eyes. lesions on arms and legs, face. looks like cauliflower. frequent infections and hospitalizations
Pain and generalized theories
an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.Physiological - pattern, specificity, gate, endorphinCognitive - imagery, socioculturalbehavioral - respondent, operant.
classification of painacutesubacuterecurrent acute
1)mild or severe, few days duration2) mild or sever, days to weeks, not emergent3) episodic fron cocicptive input. etiology unknow
ongoing acutechronicchronic intractable benign pain syndrome
1) persistne over months, continued nociceptive input, etiology my be neoplastic2) longer than 6 months, etiology unknown3) no know nociceptive source, poor coping behavioral disorganization.
Components of the pain experience
Pathological - disorders of structure and function, physiological componentPerceptual- sensory characteristicsPsychological- affect state and moodCognitive - knowledge, understanding and beliefs, significance of conditionbehavioral- adaptive strategies
Physical impact of pain
limitied ability to carry on routine daily activitieseffects of medications on behavior (sensory and motor)decreased mobility and endurancechanges in physical appearance (weight loss or disfigurement)development of pain behaviors (adaptive and maladaptive)
Psychological nad Psychosocial Impact of pain
time removed from work force# of surgical interbentions and hospitalizationsForces changes in lifestyle (ADL)perception that life is out of controlsense of helplessness in intervening on own's behalfdisruption of personal and family relationshipsloss of self-esteem and sense of self-worthhealth care costs and financial uncertainties.
Component operations of sensory systems
Transduction - converting to nerve impulsestransmissionperceptioninterpretation
Anterolateral System
collection of nerve cells inolved in the operations of the sensory systems.
Charactersitics of chronic pain.
impossible to predict when it will end.often gets worse rather than betterlacks positive meaningfrequently expands to dominate patient's attentionisolates patient from others and the world around him
Chronic Pain syndrome
complaints our of proportion to physical findingspersistent efforst to seek medical helolittle change in overall symptomatologywillingness to submit to multiple or repeat therapiessignificant alteration in lifestly and interpersnal relationships.
common characteristics of chronic pain patients
reported pain of months to yearsdescription similar to a previous acute episodelengthy med history of failed TxHx of polypharmacy with little successpain described as incapacitating or unbearablecomplaints viewed as urgent requiring emergency careexpressed willingness to undergo any treatmentreport no problems other than pain
Psychological Regression in the Chronic Pain Patient
marked increase in egocentricityreduced scope of interestpreoccupation with bodily perceptionsnotable increase in dependencydemading or manipulative insistence on attention
Factors motivating behavior in chronic pain patient
acutely sick patients are expected to seek medical helppatients expected to cooperatie with medical managementsick are expected to want to get betterprivilege of the sick is exemption from responsibilitysick are entiteled to be cared for.
Treatment goals for chronic pain
reduce pain signalsreduce functional impairmentreduce pain related health care usagereurtn to well behaviors